The Commodores son started his mansion on Fifth Avenue, along with other family members. In todays value, that will be around 2.5 billion dollars. He can even set a plan for the Vanderbilt familys future generations but ruined the chance to do so. When the Commodore died in 1877, he'd amassed $100 million: "He had more money than the U.S. Treasury," Cooper said. William Kissam left two sonsWilliam Kissam (18781944) and Harold Stirling (18841970)both associated with the New York Central Railroad. He acquired the New York and Harlem Railroad in 1862-1863, the Hudson River Railroad in 1864, and the New York Central Railroad in 1867. Genealogy for Robert Thurlow Vanderbilt, I (1885 - 1954) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. In 1857 he became a director of the New York and Harlem Railroad. Lets discuss the stories from the book Fortunes Children: The Fall of the House of Vanderbilt to know what happened to the Vanderbilt Family and their fortune. Flipping A Website In 2023: How Is It Done? Bill Gates - Net Worth, Age, Height, Family, Biography 2023. From William H. Vanderbilt to his grandson, William Kissam Vanderbilt II, there have been a variety of entrepreneurs and philanthropists who have greatly shaped the nations history. More info in myprivacy policy. Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877) was an American business magnate and philanthropist who amassed a great fortune through his leadership in the shipping and railroad industries during the 19th century. The eighth son and youngest child of William Henry Vanderbilt and Maria Louisa Kissam. The Vanderbilt family is an American family who gained prominence during the Gilded Age. George W. Vanderbilt IIGeorge Washington Vanderbilt II (November 14, 1862 - March 6, 1914) was a member of the prominent United States Vanderbilt family, which had amassed a huge fortune through steamboats, railroads, and various business enterprises. Related Reading: Get Shit Done Learn How To Be An Executor Here. The Vanderbilt family is an American family of Dutch origin who gained prominence during the Gilded Age. I'll send you 100 Money-Making Ideas for FREE! Its difficult to determine the exact net worth of the Vanderbilt family today as their wealth has been distributed over the years and some of their assets have been sold. Cooper said, "I view the money as kind of a pathology that infected subsequent generations, because I think they all grew up with this idea that there would always be money there, and there was no need for them to actually work. The house is on private land that was 10 square miles big. Story produced by Kay Lim. This eldest son doubled the money he received for the next ten years of his life. Cornelius Vanderbilt (17941877)William Henry Vanderbilt (18211885)Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt (18301882)Cornelius Vanderbilt II (18431899)Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt (18451924)William Kissam Vanderbilt (18491920)Emily Thorn Vanderbilt (18501946)William Knapp Thorn (18511911)Florence Adele Vanderbilt (18541952)Frederick William Vanderbilt (18561938)Eliza Lila Osgood Vanderbilt (18601936)George Washington Vanderbilt II (18621914)Cornelius Vanderbilt III (18731942)Alice Louise Vanderbilt Shepard (18741950)Gertrude Vanderbilt (18751942)Elliott Fitch Shepard Jr. (18761927)Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt (18771915)Consuelo Vanderbilt (18771964)William Kissam Vanderbilt II (18781944)Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt (18801925)James Watson Webb II (18841960)Harold Stirling Vanderbilt (18841970)Gladys Moore Vanderbilt (18861965)Flora Payne Whitney (18971986)John Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke of Marlborough (18971972)Cornelius Vanderbilt IV (18981974)Lord Ivor Spencer-Churchill (18981956)Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney (18991992)Muriel Vanderbilt (19001972)Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt (19001976)Governor William Henry Vanderbilt III (19011981)Mary Cathleen Vanderbilt (19041944)Frederick Vanderbilt Field (19052000)Amy Vanderbilt (19081974)John Henry Hammond Jr. (19101987)Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Jr. (19121999)George Washington Vanderbilt III (19141961)James Watson Webb III (19162000)Whitney Tower (19231999)Gloria Laura Vanderbilt (19242019)George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil (19252020)John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough (19262014)William Amherst Vanderbilt Cecil (19282017)Lady Rosemary Spencer-Churchill (born 1929)Christopher Denys Stormont Finch-Hatton, 16th Earl of Winchilsea (19361999)John Wilmerding (born 1938)John Paul Hammond (born 1942)Kenneth Peter Lyle Mackay, 4th Earl of Inchcape (born 1943)Jonathan Edward Pease (born 1952)John LeBoutillier (born 1953)Charles James Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke of Marlborough (born 1955)Lady Henrietta Mary Spencer-Churchill (born 1958)William Douglas Burden III (born 1965)Anderson Hays Cooper (born 1967)Daniel Finch-Hatton, 17th Earl of Winchilsea (born 1967)Timothy David Olyphant (born 1968)James Platten Vanderbilt (born 1975)George John Godolphin Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford (born 1992)Tobias Finch-Hatton, Viscount Maidstone (born 1998). It's another world," Cooper said. Just choose a video, watch it completely, and ask away in the comments. He also hired the attorney Daniel Webster to argue his case before the United States Supreme Court; Vanderbilt won, thereby establishing an early precedent for the United States' first laws of interstate commerce. Gloria Laura Vanderbilt County of New York, New York City 20.02.1924 Parents Father: Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt * 1880 Mother: Gloria Laura Mercedes Morgan * 23.08.1904 MarriagesMarriage I: 1941 Pasquale DiCicco Marriage II: 21.04.1945 Antoni Stanislaw Boleslawowicz * 18.04.1882 Marriage III: 28.08.1956 Sidney Lumet * 25.06.1924 She contributed significantly to the art collection of her husbands family and was known for her social contributions. The Vanderbilts were still not invited to big parties that the Astors held. Disclosure: this article might contain links to the resources discussed.Some of the links are affiliate links, meaning that I will make a small commission if you purchase a product or service by using the link. Vanderbilt's will said that her eldest son, Leopold "Stan" Stokowski, was to receive her Manhattan co-op, which is valued at $1.2 million, while "all the rest" of her estate less than $1.5. He. George Vanderbilt himself did not have a career or make significant investments, but instead focused on his passions such as art collecting and the creation of the Biltmore Estate. Cornelius Vanderbilt, the family patriarch, started with a single boat and eventually built a shipping empire. . Follow me on YouTube if that's easier). Contemporary descendants include American Art Historian John Wilmerding, journalist Anderson Cooper, actor Timothy Olyphant, musician John P. Hammond, screenwriter James Vanderbilt, and the Duke of Marlborough. An 1846 portrait of Cornelius Vanderbilt, by Nathaniel Jocelyn. Life is one giant adventure. The Vanderbilt family made their fortune through investments in railroads and shipping during the 19th century. And other people have described it as a pathology. "Right. rootsweb: Click Here It's like free consulting. Vanderbilt was first referred to as an arboretum in May 1879, only six years after the university was founded (, The most common tree species on campus is, The symbol of Vanderbilt is the white oak tree (. Presumably, this caused a legal battle between the other children that lasted for almost two years. The cover after the trial.". Username and password are case sensitive. Their success began with the shipping and railroad empires of Cornelius Vanderbilt, and the family expanded into various other areas of industry. The Biltmore Estate in North Carolina, built by George Vanderbilt, also served as a residence for the family. But it was the next generation of Vanderbilts whose ambitions had nothing to do with making money. The Vanderbilt family is an American family who gained prominence during the Gilded Age. Otherwise, his charity mainly matched his infamous statement "The public be damned." Vanderbilt gave little of his vast fortune to charitable works, leaving the $1 million he had promised for Vanderbilt University and $50,000 to the Church of the Strangers in New York City. Vanderbilt Family Tree. The Vanderbilt family fortune was once equal to $185 billion. He came to realize that he had a house, horse, and pictures, but the moderately well-off people also have them. the Commodore. The Vanderbilt family lived in various places throughout their history, but their primary residence was in New York City, specifically in a mansion on Fifth Avenue known as the The Vanderbilt Triple Palace. They also owned homes in other locations such as Rhode Island and Hyde Park. He grew the fortune left with him. If youre looking for money-making ideas, youll find them here. Shortly before his death in 1877, Vanderbilt donated US$1 million (equivalent to $22million in 2017) for the establishment of Vanderbilt University in Nashville. The family also invested heavily in railroads and other business ventures, such as the New York Central Railroad, which helped to expand their wealth. in New Dorp, New York, USA , United States, Died on March 06, 1914 A family friend, Edith was 10 years younger than George and admired for her beauty and personality. 0:15 ASHEVILLE - George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil, a member of the famed Vanderbilt family who headed the Biltmore Farms development company for decades, died at home Oct. 19. Brooks is an Entrepreneur, Sponge, Father, Husband, & Follower of the Golden Rule. Get Sh*t Done: 10 Best Productivity Hacks, How To Make 100 Dollars A Day: 15+ Best Ideas, YouTube Equipment For Beginners: Start Your YouTube Journey. It wasnt about the homes anymore but the craving for belongingness in the prestige class. George III was named after his father's youngest brother, George Washington Vanderbilt II, the third son to survive to adulthood of the family founder, Cornelius Vanderbilt. He talked about his neighbor, who isnt half as rich as him, but that neighbor experienced the real pleasures of life more than he did. Major children and living persons must directly contact the. ", Cornelius left school at age 11 and made his first fortune in shipping. By 1885, the Commodore's son, William Henry, managed to more than double the family coffers, to about $230 million -. Search 333 then share your genealogy and compare DNA to grow an accurate global family tree that's free forever. Even having a yacht, but it will not make him happy, and he wouldnt care about it. None of the descendants maintain the wealth in the end. She also supported the construction of the Grand Central Terminal and donated funds for the establishment of the Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Username and password are case sensitive. . From philanthropy to art collection and social activism, Vanderbilt women have played a significant role in the familys history. [3][4] The name of Jan's village, in the genitive case, was added to the Dutch "van" ("from") to create "Van der Bilt", which evolved into "Vanderbilt" when the English took control of New Amsterdam (now Manhattan). George Washington Vanderbilt had the least involvement with the family businesses or investments. Please try again. ft. home is a 4 bed, 2.0 bath property. The Vanderbilt family is an American family of Dutch origin who gained prominence during the Gilded Age. He is actively engaged with organizations such as Waterkeeper Alliance, National Resources Defense Council, and the Climate Reality Project in order to find solutions to climate change and promote sustainability. The family members competed to have the largest estates until Alva and William divorced. To satisfy her, they provided her with the fortune she could consume. {{ media.date_translated }}, {{ asCtrl.bannerRights.content|translate }}, The Geneanet family trees are powered by Geneweb 7.0. Cooper said, "Cornelius Vanderbilt II and his brother, William K. Vanderbilt, their wives decide they're gonna get the Vanderbilts to take over New York society.". Their philanthropy, art collection, social activism, and support for various causes have had a lasting impact on American culture and society. And for the following years, William Henry Vanderbilts children spent almost all of the fortune he made from The Commodores inheritance. The map below shows the places where the ancestors of the famous person lived. If youve been to the Biltmore estate, you may agree that it is timelessly beautiful. An error has occured while loading the map. (Uncle George II had died young at age 25 of tuberculosis contracted during his service in the Civil War.) Mrs. Astor didnt want to let the chance slip away and called Alva. Please try again. Their success began with the shipping and railroad empires of Cornelius Vanderbilt, and the family expanded into various other areas of industry and philanthropy. The 16th Amendment to the Constitution ushered in the federal income tax in 1913. 615-322-6397 Email; Latest Stories. Cornelius Vanderbilt IIs net worth is difficult to estimate in todays dollars as he lived during the late 19th century. Branches of the family are found on the United States East Coast. It was late in life when he decided steamships were the past and railroads were the future. Anderson Coopers net worth is approximately $200 million that mostly comes from journalism. A view of Marble House, built between 1888 and 1892 in Newport, R.I., by William K. Vanderbilt as a gift to his wife, Alva. In 1878 he married Louise Holmes Anthony Torrance. The familys wealth declined significantly throughout the 20th century, and while some Vanderbilt descendants remain wealthy, the family as a whole is no longer as wealthy as it once was. Nous sommes tous Vanderbilt family tree is filled with many members from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During the California Gold Rush he ran a steamship line from New York to California via Nicaragua. link Cornelius Vanderbilt II The Dutch van der ("of the"/"from") was eventually added to Aertson's village name to create "van der Bilt" ("from De Bilt"), which was eventually condensed to Vanderbilt. He put a 50/50 condition under his wealth and split his money equally to his children and grandchildren. 6 replies. Additionally, the familys lavish spending on art, architecture, and fashion helped to shape American culture and the concept of high society. He gave large gifts to the New York Public Library, Columbia University, and the American Fine Arts Society. She was a member of the National American Woman Suffrage Association and supported womens rights. And eventually, he formed a railroad company that basically was all rail service on the Eastern seaboard to Chicago.". During the Gilded Age, where materialism and corruption were rampant in the U.S, Vanderbilt gained popularity due to its wealth. His great-great-great-grandson, Cornelius Vanderbilt, began the rise of the Vanderbilt dynasty. ", When it came to money matters, Cooper assumed an almost parental role with his own mother: "I would talk to her at 13 about, you know, 'You know, you can get a bank account and you should put money in savings. Emily Thorn Vanderbilt was the wife of William Henry Vanderbilt and the mother of three of his children, including Cornelius Vanderbilt II. The estate covers over 8,000 acres and includes a 250-room mansion, gardens, a winery, and a village. "She's the age my son is right now," said Cooper. They were among the earliest arrivals to 17th-century New Amsterdam. Fulton's company had established a monopoly on trade in and out of New York Harbor. Cooper's mother was Gloria Vanderbilt, known for her designer jeans, and as the so-called "Poor Little Rich Girl" at the center of an infamous Depression-era custody battle between her own mother (also named Gloria) and Aunt Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney. He often said that women bought his stock because his picture was on the stock certificate. They have shaped our nation in meaningful ways for generations and continue to do so today. Additionally, the family donated significant amounts of money to institutions such as Vanderbilt University and Columbia University. But somehow, the eldest son managed to pull off the responsibility. Cornelius Vanderbilt, also known as "The Commodore," has about 100 million dollars of fortune throughout his life. Home mercy mission hardeeville, sc vanderbilt family tree. Post. "Cornelius Vanderbilt was a U.S. entrepreneur who built his wealth in shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family. kingdom of deception console commands; Income Tax. "Poor Little Rich Girl" Gloria Vanderbilt with her Aunt, Gertrude Vanderbilt-Whitney, December 2, 1934. But Anderson Cooper never stopped working. This point is where it all went downhill for the Vanderbilt family. By 1885, the Commodore's son, William Henry, managed to more than double the family coffers, to about $230 million close to $6.5 billion in today's dollars. Disclosure: Our articles contain affiliate links, meaning that we make a small commission if you make a purchase through the link. Jay Gould then started the American Telegraph Company and nearly forced Western Union out of business. Living descendants of the family have authored books with titles such as Fortune's Children: The Fall of the House of Vanderbilt and Dead End Gene Pool about the family's lost wealth. The Commodore did not put conditions on how the children will use the money. William Vanderbilt then had no choice but to buy out Gould, who made a large profit from the sale. We can directly blame the grandchildren for wasting their fortune on vacated estates they built, but it all comes down to The Commodore. In 1903 William Kissam turned over management of the railroads to an outside firm and thereafter devoted himself to his philanthropic, social, and sporting interests. He built the first of what would become many grand Vanderbilt mansions on Fifth Avenue, at 640 Fifth Avenue. The legacy of the Vanderbilt family tree is one that will never be forgotten a lasting impact on Americas history through their business ventures, philanthropic work, and sports achievements. Cornelius Vanderbilt's great-great-grandfather, Jan Aertson or Aertszoon, was a Dutch farmer from the village of De Bilt in Utrecht, Netherlands, who emigrated to New York as an indentured servant in 1650. Cornelius Vanderbilt's descendants went on to build grand mansions on Fifth Avenue in New York City; luxurious "summer cottages" in Newport, Rhode Island; the palatial Biltmore House in Asheville, North Carolina; and various other opulent homes. At that time, New York elites did not generally accept Vanderbilts fortune because it newly emerged. It didnt matter that The Commodore has left an enormous fortune for his family. Robert F Kennedy Jr., an environmentalist and attorney, is fighting for a cleaner and healthier world. "And then, the spending begins?" Facts about the Arboretum. [This is wild to me sliiiggghhtttly more cash than I have, but then again, my goal is a life of flexibility and adventure]. Cornelius Vanderbilt's descendants went on to build grand mansions on Fifth Avenue in New York City; luxurious "summer cottages" in Newport . Cornelius II built the largest private home in New York, at 1 West 58th Street, containing approximately 154 rooms, designed by George B. asked Rocca. Familypedia is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Anderson Cooper, author of "Vanderbilt: The Rise and Fall of an American Dynasty.". Vanderbilt University is committed to principles of equal opportunity and affirmative action. The Vanderbilt mausoleum at the Moravian Cemetery in New Dorp, Staten Island, N.Y. Born in Staten . Cornelius Vanderbilt, also known as The Commodore, has about 100 million dollars of fortune throughout his life. Blanche de BRIENNE , Guillaume de FIENNES, Alinor de PROVENCE , Henri III d'ANGLETERRE. The Commodore left the majority of his enormous fortune to his eldest son, William Henry Vanderbilt. Andras Wong pursued an education in biology, genetics, and genealogy, earning advanced degrees and conducting research in some of the worlds leading laboratories. 2328 Vanderbilt Dr , Charleston, SC 29414-7058 is a single-family home listed for-sale at $438,000. When 120 members of the Vanderbilt household gathered at Vanderbilt University for their first family reunion in 1973, none of them even had a million fortune left. He also built Marble House at 596 Bellevue Avenue in Newport, Rhode Island. At the time of their peak, they had the worlds greatest fortune. I want to take a quick moment to share a new project by Anderson Cooper called Vanderbilt: The Rise and Fall of an American Dynasty. However, the elegant mansion didnt get Alva what she desired. When he passed away in January of 1877, he left 95% of his money to his eldest son William Henry Vanderbilt. The Vanderbilt fortune was distributed among the descendants of Cornelius Vanderbilt after his death in 1877. By 1947, the remaining Vanderbilt properties followed the fall. "I actually started out thinking maybe he was a psychopath, which then I came away, after doing a lot of research on, I was, like, 'You know, that's a little harsh.' His son, William K. Vanderbilt Jr., went on to become a successful stockbroker and established the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. These homes cost millions of dollars but turned out useless. Omissions? "Work for me has been the thing which has gotten me through everything. And to think, I traveled to Guatemala for six weeks on less money than it cost me to live at home in Alabama. For the past 15 years, CNN anchor and "60 Minutes" correspondent Anderson Cooper has been sorting through his mother's treasures. Cooper laughed. "Yeah. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Soon he controlled coastal trade along the entire coast of New England. Thats why Alva hosted her party at the new mansion with over 1,000 noble families in New York except the Astors. And there are photographs of Gloria, from the day her father died. Like, who can say really? "From the time I was a kid, I viewed myself as my Mom's protector after my Dad died when I was 10. Cornelius II's brother, William Kissam Vanderbilt, also featured prominently in the family's affairs. Cornelius Vanderbilt was the fourth of nine children born in Port Richmond on Staten Island in New York to a family of modest means. Vanderbilt family, one of the wealthiest and most prominent families in the United States. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). There are approximately 190 species of trees and shrubs in the arboretum. He has over 15 years of experience as an entrepreneur after graduating with a BSBA in Finance from Auburn University. His great-great-great-grandfather, Jan Aertson, was a Dutch farmer from the village of De Bilt in Utrecht, the Netherlands, who immigrated to New York as an indentured servant in 1650. William H. Vanderbilt made his fortune in the railroad industry . William H. Vanderbilt made his fortune in the railroad industry and was one of Americas wealthiest individuals. Their house was not as big as his, but both were comfortable. Cornelius Vanderbilt's great-great-grandfather, Jan Aertson or Aertszoon, was a Dutch farmer from the village of De Bilt in Utrecht, Netherlands, who emigrated to New York as an indentured servant in 1650. The fortune that The Commodore made during his life and passed down to his children went down the drain. George Washington Vanderbilt II, the 3rd and youngest son of William Henry Vanderbilt and youngest brother of Cornelius II, hired architect Richard Morris Hunt and landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted to construct Biltmore Estate on 125,000 acres (50,600 ha) near Asheville, North Carolina. Well, that's what's so crazy, is he built two massive empires. Brooks is a firm believer in creating multiple streams of income and creates content here onBrooksConkle.comto help other hustlers in the areas of marketing, online business, personal finance, and real estate. Though they were unable to have children, they had a close relationship with their nieces and nephews. The fourth generation of Vanderbilts included Gloria Vanderbilt and her famous son Anderson Cooper. Cornelius' tenth child, George I, was born in 1832 and died in 1836. He has also developed innovative techniques for analyzing DNA data and interpreting the results, making him a sought-after consultant for law enforcement agencies, genealogy companies, and private individuals. Willam also thought that his neighbors health was better than his and that he could grow older than William. Cornelius Vanderbilt : Family tree by Tim DOWLING (tdowling) - Geneanet Cornelius Vanderbilt Commodore Born 27 May 1794 - Staten Island, Kings Co., NY Deceased 4 January 1877 - New York, NY,aged 82 years old Buried - Moravian Cem., New Dorp, Staten Island, NY 1 file available Parents Cornelius Vanderbilt 1764-1832 Phebe Hand 1767-1854 Is SEO Worth It For Small Business Ventures? But the people who built it were as good as his. The house itself is around 170,000 square feet big that costs a whopping $5 million to construct. Vanderbilt Family Tree 9206 views. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vanderbilt-family, Vanderbilt family - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He also built a home on Fifth Avenue and would become one of the great architectural patrons of the Gilded Age, hiring the architects for (the third, and surviving) Grand Central Terminal. He made his fortune in the railroad industry and was known as the Commodore due to his success. When he passed away in January of 1877, he left 95% of his money to his eldest son William Henry Vanderbilt. Coopers book on the Vanderbilts might also have you wondering, What is Anderson Coopers net worth?. These houses are Biltmore, Idlehour, Florham, The Breakers, and Marble House. (Uncle George II had died young at age 25 of tuberculosis contracted during his service in the Civil War.) Cornelius' tenth child . That would be around 70 million dollars by now. We are all related! Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images, Bruce Springsteen on "Nebraska," and the emergence of Springsteen the poet, The Book Report: Washington Post critic Ron Charles (April 30), Book excerpt: "The Making of Another Major Motion Picture Masterpiece" by Tom Hanks, Book excerpt: "The Last Animal" by Ramona Ausubel, Book excerpt: "Story of a Poem" by Michael Zapruder, "Vanderbilt: The Rise and Fall of an American Dynasty", Newport Mansions: The Preservation Society of Newport County, Mother and son: Gloria Vanderbilt and Anderson Cooper. It was her nephew by marriage who convinced Cornelius Vanderbilt to commit funding for what would become Vanderbilt University. William Henry appointed his first son, Cornelius Vanderbilt II, as the next "Head of House". First published on September 19, 2021 / 10:14 AM. He has helped thousands of individuals uncover their ancestral heritage, using cutting-edge DNA analysis to trace family lineages and reveal connections across generations. He was the founder of the Vanderbilt family dynasty, which continued to amass wealth and power through the generations. Alva Vanderbilts marriage to the grandson of The Commodore is another reason why they lost their fortune. Linked to: Timothy Michael Dowling, 10th cousin 6x removed In the early 1860s, Vanderbilt started withdrawing capital from steamships and investing in railroads. One by one, the mansions on Fifth Avenue built by the family crumbled when the auctioneer demolished the homes. L'arbre More info in the privacy policy. All rights reserved. Hunts designs for the Vanderbilt family helped establish their reputation as one of the wealthiest and most influential families in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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