How many slaves were there in the United States by 1860? Learn more. Particularly in the case of Statista. Web, Jun 21, 2022 Throughout the history of the transatlantic slave trade, approximately 5.7 million of the 12.5 million African slaves who embarked on slave ships did so in ports Researchers interested in the African-American experience in Georgia should be aware and look for the terms Colored and/or Negro.. Nor can these maps express anything of the pain of the whip or the escape to freedom, of the exhaustion of labor or the sounds of preaching and shouting at a religious gathering: for that one must read any of scores of excellent histories. Available for all Georgia counties. Copies of a few documents of later date (August 18, 1856-September 8, 1858) are included. related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in the source or at (function(){var js = "window['__CF$cv$params']={r:'7c0a643818ab15e0',m:'F_7uB9IJtzGtz24h_rJ85qgBO_ANPQKAhCHEH8xs2DY-1682968928-0-Aao502NfAiDPXYlKJkXl/3cpDwtAz+88HUxzrgcuzHeY',u:'/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g'};_cpo=document.createElement('script');_cpo.nonce='',_cpo.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/invisible.js',document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_cpo);";var _0xh = document.createElement('iframe');_0xh.height = 1;_0xh.width = 1;_0xh.style.position = 'absolute';_0xh.style.top = 0;_0xh.style.left = 0;_0xh.style.border = 'none';_0xh.style.visibility = 'hidden';document.body.appendChild(_0xh);function handler() {var _0xi = _0xh.contentDocument || _0xh.contentWindow.document;if (_0xi) {var _0xj = _0xi.createElement('script');_0xj.nonce = '';_0xj.innerHTML = js;_0xi.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_0xj);}}if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {handler();} else if (window.addEventListener) {document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', handler);} else {var prev = document.onreadystatechange || function () {};document.onreadystatechange = function (e) {prev(e);if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {document.onreadystatechange = prev;handler();}};}})(); RootsWeb is funded and supported by http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . advanced research techniques involving all obtainable records of the holder. Shortly after the American Civil War (18611865) began in Virginia, African Americans established and taught in schools for Virginias freed people. National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. Slave Voyages. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were WebThe best-known slave societies were those of the circum-Caribbean world. Available on the Virtual Vault in File II Subjects and Counties. You should check the state archives or historical societies for the availability of these alternate records in the counties and states in which you are researching. The records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands are voluminous, focusing primarily on African Americans in the southern states. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County T., 23 slaves, Harris page 219B, HAWKINS, Mrs. J. D., 40 slaves, Harris page 212B, HILL, Daniel S. Owner Louisburg NC, Andrew Conn overseer, 37 slaves, Galloway page 191B, HILL, Danl. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 changed the situation, and thereafter cotton culture created a huge demand for slaves, especially after the opening of the New South (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas). U.S. Department of the Interior (RG 48): African Slave Trade and Negro Colonization, Records of, 1854-1872. Army. As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African American research. Annual GDP growth for the United States 1930-2021, Number of executive orders signed by U.S. presidents 1789-2022, Winning margins for votes in U.S. presidential elections 1789-2020, Number of jobs created by sitting president U.S. 1933-2022. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. The rest of the slaves in the County were held by a total The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. These owners accounted for 33% of the total number of enslaved people. Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, According to a new five-volume compilation called Historical Statistics, the percentage of former slaves who said they couldn't read or write plummeted after emancipation. was listed as having 6,581 whites, only about 42% of the 1860 figure, and the 1960 total of 9,153 "Negroes"was only about But Harvey Amani Whitfield has shown that some Vermont African Americans were held in bondage. [Online]. being reported here with a B added to the number of the preceding page. Slaves first were brought to Virginia in 1619. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. census was enumerated. The unceasing spread of slavery provoked political crises, eventually leading to the Civil War. *Generally speaking, the regions used in the source appear to refer to ports that are or were located in the following modern countries in mainland Africa (although there is likely a lot of overlapping data between certain regions, as their borders and names became redefined throughout history); The same family may appear with different surnames in the 1870 and 1880 federal census records, and may appear in other records with either, both, or a third surname altogether. ancestor not shown to hold slaves on the 1860 slave census could have held slaves on an earlier census, so those films can be 5 Roles (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231 /1-5) This microfilm publication reproduces the seven volumes (eight bound parts) of records compiled for publication by the Colored Troops Division of the Adjutant Generals Office. By 1680 in Barbados the average plantation had about 60 slaves, and in Jamaica in 1832 about 150. Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph]. But some of these questions can only be answered quantitatively. Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with about 1 in 70 being a Senegambia: The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',322,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-3-0');An American Slave with Scars from Whipping, Slaves as a Percentage of the U.S. Population. MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin In 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. Mr. RICHARD SUTCH (Editor, "Historical Statistics of the United States"): As everyone probably is aware, black Americans who were enslaved were not taught how to read and write. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set Alphabetically arranged within each section. (This is all the more remarkable since many slaves fled to the British during the Revolutionary War.) U.S. Coast Survey, Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States (Washington, DC: Henry S. Graham, 1861). WebReconstruction (1865-1877), the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Edgefield County population included Check microfilm card catalog Tax Digest drawer for microfilm of tax digests not in Archives custody. The sugar plantations were among the contemporary worlds largest and most profitable enterprises, paying about 10 percent on invested capital and on some occasions, such as in Barbados in the 1650s, as much as 40 to 50 percent. [Example: In Lester Maddoxs files, there are such subject headings as Augusta Riot, 1967-70, Black Panthers and School Desegregation.]. Notice that population in the north both grows in place and spreads westward. Researching the late nineteenth century, from Reconstruction immediately following the Civil War to the eve of the twentieth century, can be both a blessing and a curse for many African American families. Slavery spread rather than grew because it was an agricultural rather than industrial form of capitalism, so it needed new lands. An animation of density of the total population from 1790 to 1860. Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. for consideration by those seeking to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves. (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). accounting for 8,445 slaves, or just over 35% of the County total. E., 28 slaves, Harris page 200B, THOMAS, Jos. By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. Pre Civil-War digests indicate number of slaves owned. In time the estate owners moved to England, and the sugar plantations were managed by sometimes unstable and unsavoury Europeans who, with the aid of Black overseers and drivers, controlled masses of slaves. WebDistribution of Slaves in 1860 In 1861, in an attempt to raise money for sick and wounded soldiers, the Census Office produced and sold a map that showed the population "The History Guy" is a Registered Trademark. purposes. Because Kentucky did not secede from the Union, Kentucky slaves were freed by the ratification of the 13th Amendment. 2 Rolls. Unless your family was lucky enough to have lived in one of the few counties that survived, you will need to find an alternative means to trace your family. Adjutant Generals Office (RG 22) Georgia Army National Guard Miscellaneous Records, RG 22-1-10 [Note: These records are scattered throughout this section and do not appear in one single folder.] To help show the big patterns of American slavery, I have created an interactive map of the spread of slavery. U.S.A. 2023 University System of Georgia Reconstruction Registration Oath Books, 1867, RG 1-1-107: Lists name, race, date of registration, and county of residence. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844. By SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), (SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State and living in County), JOHNSON, 33402, 1870, 133, 2773, 1789, 122, WILLIAMS, 28865, 2124, 188, 3049, 2007, 168. Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 " In other words, slavery was not the paternalist institution that its apologists made it out to be: it was an relentlessly exploitative system where the fundamental relation of owner to enslaved was defined by the markets. The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the Digests in Archives custody up to 1890 are scanned and indexed on Ancestry.com. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',340,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The percentage of Southern families that possessed slaves was 30% in 1860. The page numbers used are the numbers rubber Please note: This list of records relating to African-American records is not definitive. Should the federal government pay reparations to the descendants of enslaved people? U.S. Initially, however, the English relied for their dependent labour primarily on indentured servants from the mother country. can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number on this list is beyond the scope of this transcription. available through Heritage Quest at. This website requires a paid subscription for full access. Senr., 58 slaves, page 421B, HOLLINGSWORTH, J. H., 59 slaves, page 453, HOLLINGSWORTH, Mrs. B., 91 slaves, page 460, JENNINGS, Dr. W. D., 48 slaves, page 510B, MCKIE, Mary E. and one other, 47 slaves, page 495, MEREWETHER, Dr. S. G., 50 slaves, page 496, MERRIWEATHER, Dr. N., 49 slaves, page 495B, MIMS, Dr. R. J., C. M. Gray agent for, 48 slaves, page 513B, MIMS, Dr. E. J., Mathis agent for, 56 slaves, page 515, NIEHLEMAN?, Mrs. E. J., 57 slaves, page 449, PICKENS, F. W., W. B. Martin agent for, 84 slaves, page 513, SEARING, A. L., M. A. Selack for, 96 slaves, page 391B, SEARLS, T. Marion overseer, 28 slaves, Franklinton page From NKAA, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (main entry). The collections are indexed by main entry, by geographic location, by subject, by chronological dates, and by the types of forms used (such as diaries, ledgers, etc.). FORMAT. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up Population. on 192, YARBROUGH, John B., 26 slaves, Harris page 222, YOUNG, Augustus P. & two others, Wm. The 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States. Cemeteries and Churches: The Archives has a variety of church records available in original format and on microfilm. PURPOSE. Georgia Archives records of the holder. What did you find? Decd., E. Searls Admr. National Guard Riot Duty, 1900-1945 [Examples: Augusta Riot, 1912; Carrollton Riot, 1901; Racial Disturbance Plans, 1944-1945; Riot Duty, 1943; Statesboro Riot, 1904] Colored Militia Companies, ca. had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant Search our book catalog (GIL). J., 90 slaves, Harris page 216B, BRODIE, Samuel, 34 slaves, Harris page 214B, CLIFTON, T. T., 24 slaves, Harris page 220, COOK, Jones?, 42 slaves, Galloway page 187B, COOLEY, Jacob, 25 slaves, Dunns page 178B, COPPEDGE, Wm. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant addressed in this transcription. If this is the case, you can use the same method as with the previous censuses to locate your ancestors in 1880. the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. Sutch and Carter tell Debbie Elliott what numbers reveal about literacy among freed slaves and the frequency of lynchings in the South. The last column shows the what percentage of the total U.S. population were enslaved. County, South Carolina census for 1860 and not know whether that person was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave Digests after about 1930 may not include African-Americans who do not own real property. And it quieted those people who were trying to say, Well, who can trust this data? available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . Witheach county labeled with the exact percentage of people enslaved, the map demanded some closer examination. Below you can see two animations comparing the density of the slave population and the density of the total population (keep in mind that the scales are different). Owner Franklinton NC, Wm . In September of 1861, the U.S. Coast Survey published a large map, approximately two feet by three feet, titled a "Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States."
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