vol. ; see also, Murray G.H. It is to David's reign that the beginnings of feudalism are generally assigned. Bartlett, The Making of Europe, pp. Scotland and the Crusades, 1095-1560. Haidu, The Subject Medieval/Modern, p. 181; Moore, The First European Revolution, p. 57. [19] According to Richard Oram, it was only in 1113, when Henry returned to England from Normandy, that David was at last in a position to claim his inheritance in southern Scotland.[20]. [33], Alexander's son Mel Coluim chose war. Historical Person Search Search Search Results Results David King (1824 - 1881) Try FREE for 14 days Try FREE for 14 days. 12765, Stringer, Keith J., The Reformed Church in Medieval Galloway and Cumbria: Contrasts, Connections and Continuities (The Eleventh Whithorn Lecture, 14 September 2002), (Whithorn, 2003), Stringer, Keith J., "State-Building in Twelfth-Century Britain: David I, King of Scots, and Northern England", in John C. Appleby and Paul Dalton (eds. The title of "Archbishop" is accorded in Scottish and Irish sources to Bishop Giric[85] and Bishop Fothad II. 20910. A Genealogy of David 2 These are the sons of Israel: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, 2 Dan, Joseph, Benjamin, Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. Today, scholars have moderated this view. John Dowden, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. See A.O. David had attempted to appoint his chancellor, William Comyn, to the bishopric of Durham, which had been vacant since the death of Bishop Geoffrey Rufus in 1140. All of the monarchs are descendants of King Alfred the Great, who reigned in 871. Thomas Owen Clancy, "Annat and the Origins of the Parish", pp. [111] Despite its subtitle, in 2004 in the only full volume study of David I's reign yet produced, David I: The King Who Made Scotland, its author Richard Oram further builds upon Lynch's picture, stressing continuity while placing the changes of David's reign in their context. [112], However, while there may be debate about the importance or extent of the historical change in David I's era, no historian doubts that it was taking place. [38] Ailred of Rievaulx, friend and one-time member of David's court, reported that David "so abhorred those acts of homage which are offered by the Scottish nation in the manner of their fathers upon the recent promotion of their kings, that he was with difficulty compelled by the bishops to receive them". Although the result was a defeat, it was not by any means decisive. . King Stephen was to retain possession of the strategically vital castles of Bamburgh and Newcastle. Despite obtaining the support of the Empress Matilda, David was unsuccessful and had given up by the time William de St Barbara was elected to the see in 1143. 25078, Barrow, G. W. S., "King David I and Glasgow" in G.W.S. [64], When the winter of 113637 was over, David prepared again to invade England. 10617. [73], However, David's successes were in many ways balanced by his failures. He was the grandson of King Duncan I. [35], In either April or May of the same year, David was crowned King of Scotland (Old Irish: r(gh) Alban; Medieval Latin: rex Scottorum)[36] at Scone. Tantalisingly for David, the Cardinal was on his way to Ireland with four pallia to create four new Irish archbishoprics. 1113" in: Scottish Gaelic Studies vol.20 (2000), pp. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 180, & n. 4. e.g. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. 10814, Broun, Dauvit, "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde", in The Innes Review, Vol. To these and other French-speaking immigrants, David granted land in return for specified military service or contributions of money, as had been done in England from the time of the Conquest. ), Anglo-Norman Durham, 10931193, pp. E.g. [54], While fighting King Stephen and attempting to dominate northern England in the years following 1136, David was continuing his drive for control of the far north of Scotland. While they could not, at first, have amounted to much more than the nucleus of an immigrant merchant class, nothing would do more to reshape the long-term economic and ethnic shape of Scotland than the burgh. Pittock's work, Celtic Identity and the British Image, (Manchester, 1999), and Oram, David, pp. (tr.) [39], Outside his Cumbrian principality and the southern fringe of Scotland-proper, David exercised little power in the 1120s, and in the words of Richard Oram, was "king of Scots in little more than name". Depicted as an acclaimed courageous warrior, and a poet and musician credited for composing much of the psalms contained in the Book of Psalms, King David is widely viewed as a righteous and effective king in battle and civil justice. [10] John of Fordun wrote, centuries later, that an escort into England was arranged for them by their maternal uncle Edgar theling. From that point onwards, David was probably an important figure at the English court. [119] The Justiciarship too was created in David's reign. The two armies avoided each other, and Stephen was soon on the road south. See Oram, David, pp. It is clear that neither one of these interpretations can be taken without some weight being given to the other. Oram, David I: The King Who Made Scotland, pp. Duncan, Scotland: The Making of a Kingdom, pp. Huntington, Joanna, "David of Scotland: Virum tam necessarium mundo," in Boardman, Steve, John Reuben Davies, Eila Williamson (eds), Saints' Cults in the Celtic World (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2009) (Studies in Celtic History), Jackson, Kenneth, The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer: The Osborn Bergin Memorial Lecture 1970, (Cambridge, 1972), Ladner, G., "Terms and Ideas of Renewal", in Robert L. Benson, Giles Constable and Carol D. Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", p. 67. 119, Oram, Richard, David: The King Who Made Scotland, (Gloucestershire, 2004), Oram, Richard, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000), Pirenne, Henri, Medieval cities: their origins and the revival of trade, trans. He later moved to Massachusetts where he married. Andrew Lang, in 1900, wrote that "with Alexander [I], Celtic domination ends; with David, Norman and English dominance is established". Historians such as Stringer, Kapelle, Green and Blanchard (see previous note), emphasize David's role as an English magnate, while not denying his ambition; a middle line is perhaps Oram's supposed quest for a "Scoto-Northumbrian realm", David, pp. ), The Kingdom of the Scots, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. He spent much of his time outside his principality, in England and in Normandy. Anderson, Scottish Annals, (1908), p. 193. [127] David founded more than a dozen new monasteries in his reign, patronising various new monastic orders. In this perspective, David's support for Matilda is used as a pretext for land-grabbing. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 114, n. 1. Some of those included Henry VIII (who founded the Church of England and beheaded two of his six wives), and Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen, under whose rule England prospered in the Golden Age. [69], By later July 1138, the two Scottish armies had reunited in "St Cuthbert's land", that is, in the lands controlled by the Bishop of Durham, on the far side of the river Tyne. The Kingdom of the Scots, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 121. Felix J. H. Skene & William Forbes Skene (ed. David was the youngest of eight sons of the fifth from last king. 5461; see also following references. [87] David ordered Bishop John of Glasgow to travel to the Apostolic See in order to secure a pallium which would elevate the bishopric of St Andrews to an archbishopric with jurisdiction over Glasgow. Monasteries became centres of foreign influence, and provided sources of literate men, able to serve the crown's growing administrative needs. While David consolidated his hold on his own and his son's newly acquired lands, he also sought to expand his influence. The Maharsha offers the solution that one of Caleb and Miriam's female descendants could . He also reorganized Scottish Christianity to conform with continental European and English usages and founded many religious communities, mostly for Cistercian monks and Augustinian canons. 25, 278; Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, pp. ), Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 5001297, (Dublin, 2000), pp. See, for instance, Steve Boardman, "Late Medieval Scotland and the Matter of Britain", in Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay (eds. Omission of a family surname from this list does not exclude descendants. Later in the year David hastily responded by supporting the claims to the Orkney earldom of Harald's rival Erlend Haraldsson, granting him half of Caithness in opposition to Harald. Moreover, Bower stated in his eulogy that David had always an ambition to join a crusade, which was prevented eventually by his death. [11], King William Rufus of England opposed Donald's accession to the northerly kingdom. The youngest son of Malcolm III and Margaret of Wessex, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland, but was exiled to England temporarily in 1093. 678. [16], David's brother King Edgar had visited William Rufus in May 1099 and bequeathed to David extensive territory to the south of the river Forth. [34] Mel Coluim escaped unharmed into areas of Scotland not yet under David's control, and in those areas gained shelter and aid. David is an important figure to members of the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic faiths. This would indicate that the 113034 campaign had resulted in the acquisition of these territories. ), Scotichronicon by Walter Bower, vol. [55] Sometime before 1146 David appointed a native Scot called Aindras to be the first Bishop of Caithness, a bishopric which was based at Halkirk, near Thurso, in an area which was ethnically Scandinavian. for instance, pp. To a certain extent, the boundaries of David's Cumbrian Principality are conjecture on the basis of the boundaries of the diocese of Glasgow; Oram, David, pp. [74], David also attempted to interfere in the succession to the archbishopric of York. ), Anglo-Norman Durham, 10931193, pp. 134, 2178, 223; see also, for Durham and part of the earldom of Northumberland in the eyes of Earl Henry, Paul Dalton, "Scottish Influence on Durham, 10661214", in David Rollason, Margaret Harvey & Michael Prestwich (eds. Home; Trees; Search; DNA; Help; Extras; . 8896. The current king of England, Queen Elizabeth II, is not related to King David. 91115. 12144, 16789. Son of Malcolm III, 'Canmore', King of Scots and Saint Margaret, Queen of Scots Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 167; Anderson uses the word "earldom", but Orderic used the word ducatum, duchy. ii, p. 183. Between 1141 and 1143, Comyn was the de facto bishop, and had control of the bishop's castle; but he was resented by the chapter. Modern Scottish Gaelic has effectively dropped the Mel in Mel Coluim (meaning "tonsured devotee of Columba"), so that the name is just Colum or Calum (meaning "Columba"); the name was borrowed into non Gaelic languages before this change occurred. [40] He was probably in that part of Scotland he did rule for most of the time between late 1127 and 1130. Torah Sources for Genealogy; Are You a Descendant? "Since Jesus was not a descendant of David through his father, he cannot be Messiah and King." But the Messiah was supposed to be different. Product Information. [103] However, David had already met Hugues de Payens, the first Grand Master of the Knights Templar, in 1128 in Scotland. Mary's genealogy is supplied in Luke 3:23-38. 1520. 2205, Skene, William F., Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban, 3 vols., (Edinburgh, 187680), Stringer, Keith J., "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in Edward J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds. The castles at Newcastle and Bamburgh were again brought under his control, and he attained dominion over all of England north-west of the river Ribble and Pennines, while holding the north-east as far south as the river Tyne, on the borders of the core territory of the bishopric of Durham. However, the Scots never followed the Norman laws of primogeniture. A. M., Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, (Edinburgh, 1975), Fawcett, Richard, & Oram, Richard, Melrose Abbey, (Stroud, 2004), Follett, Wesley, Cli D in Ireland: Monastic Writing and Identity in the Early Middle Ages, (Woodbridge, 2006), Forte, Angelo, Oram, Richard, & Pedersen, Frederick, The Viking Empires, (Cambridge, 2005) ISBN 0-521-82992-5, Green, Judith A., "Anglo-Scottish Relations, 10661174", in Michael Jones and Malcolm Vale (eds. 756. After the death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henry's daughter and his own niece, Empress Matilda, to the throne of England. As his brother, Caleb couldn't possibly be in the direct line of male ancestors of David, and since she was his wife, neither could Miriam. This is defined as "castle-building, the regular use of professional cavalry, the knight's fee" as well as "homage and fealty". His descendants became Hereditary High Stewards of Scotland, and the 4th High Steward, Alexander Stewart (1214-1283) was the first to use Stewart as his surname. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912) pp. Except for some periods of stability (Guptas, Mauryas etc), most of our history is replete with kingdoms of various sizes constantly at each others throats, fighting bloody battles trying to usurp each other for territory, riches, power, women and ego. 20313, Barrow, G. W. S., "David I (c. 10851153)", in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2006 , accessed 11 Feb 2007, Barrow, G. W. S., "David I of Scotland: The Balance of New and Old", in G. W. S. Barrow (ed. David extended his kingdom north, south, east, and west. A brief peace made with Stephen in 1136 resulted in the cession of Cumberland to David and the transfer of Huntingdon to his son Earl Henry. [46] However, this was far from the end of it. When William Rufus was killed, his brother Henry Beauclerc seized power and married David's sister, Matilda. A Middle Gaelic quatrain from this period complains that: If "divided from" is anything to go by, this quatrain may have been written in David's new territories in southern Scotland. ), The Acts of Malcolm IV King of Scots 11531165, Together with Scottish Royal Acts Prior to 1153 not included in Sir Archibald Lawrie's '"Early Scottish Charters' in Regesta Regum Scottorum, Volume I, (Edinburgh, 1960), introductory text, pp. A.O. ),Turgot, Life of St Margaret, Queen of Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1884), Lawrie, Sir Archibald (ed. Issued the first Scottish coinage (silver penny). 845; Robert Bartlett, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, p. 10. Spent his youth at Court of Henry I of England. 5963. ), Studies in Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars, (Dublin, 2001), pp. 1981), Barrow, G. W. S., "The Kings of Scotland and Durham", in David Rollason, Margaret Harvey & Michael Prestwich (eds. (Stroud, 1997), Stringer, Keith J., The Reign of Stephen: Kingship, Warfare and Government in Twelfth-Century England, (London, 1993), Toorians, L., "Twelfth-century Flemish Settlement in Scotland", in Grant G. Simpson (ed. Irvine). n the modern period there has been more of an emphasis on David's statebuilding and on the effects of his changes on Scottish cultural development. After King Saul's death, David was proclaimed king of Judah at Hebron, and after the murder of Saul's son Ishbosheth, David was crowned king by the tribes of Israel. "The Stone Puzzle of Rosslyn Chapel". She cites the gap in knowledge about David's whereabouts as evidence; for a brief outline of David's itinerary, see Barrow, The Charters of David I, pp. ), Scotichronicon by Walter Bower, vol. There he was influenced by the Anglo-French culture of the court. Retrieved 10 December 2021. [1] He was a younger brother of Shammuah (sometimes referred to as Shammua or Shimea), Shobab, and Solomon. Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. The reason is what Barrow and Lynch both call the "Davidian Revolution". A.O. [47], It appears that David asked for and obtained extensive military aid from King Henry. 127. This is the genealogy of King David, and it is therefore an integral part of the genealogy of King David's great descendant, his "Lord" and ours. This family started out in Scotland when the first of the line, Walter Fitz Alan (1110-1177) was appointed High Steward of Scotland under King David I. Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 79; Oram, David, pp. G. W. S. Barrow, "David I (c. 10851153)". [84], One of the first problems David had to deal with as king was an ecclesiastical dispute with the English church. ), Scottish Historical Documents, (Edinburgh, 1970), Freeland, Jane Patricia (tr. [94][95][96], Medieval ReputationThe earliest assessments of David I portray him as a pious king, a reformer and a civilising agent in a barbarian nation. William praises David for his piety, noting that, among other saintly activities, "he was frequent in washing the feet of the poor" (this can be read literally: his mother, who is now patron saint of Scotland, was widely known and lauded for the same practice). Perhaps after 1100, he became a dependent at the court of King Henry I. David had under a year to live, and he may have known that he was not going to be alive much longer. 9; this idea of "Europe" seems in practice to mean "Western Europe". David Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, 11351154, Ed. [21] David's aggression seems to have inspired resentment amongst some native Scots. The problem with the English church concerned the subordination of Scottish sees to the archbishops of York and/or Canterbury, an issue which since his election in 1124 had prevented Robert of Scone from being consecrated to the see of St Andrews (Cell Rghmonaidh). Inclusion of a surname does not necessarily guarantee descendancy from King David. A pitched battle took place, the battle of Clitheroe, and the English army was routed. [25] David may perhaps have had varying degrees of overlordship in parts of Dumfriesshire, Ayrshire, Dunbartonshire and Renfrewshire. David's maternal descent from the House of Wessex and his son Henry's maternal descent from the English earls of Northumberland is thought to have further encouraged such a project, a project which came to an end only after Henry II ordered David's child successor Mel Coluim IV to hand over the most important of David's gains. 33952, Davies, Norman, The Isles: A History, (London, 1999), Davies, R. R., Domination and Conquest: The Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 11001300, (Cambridge, 1990), Davies, R. R., The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles, 10931343, (Oxford, 2000), Donaldson, Gordon, "Scottish Bishop's Sees Before the Reign of David I", in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 87 (195253), pp. Though Wyntoun, Fordun and Bower may have had access to documents which are no longer extant, much of their information is either duplicated in other records or cannot be corroborated; for a survey of David's historical reputation, see Oram, David, pp. Through these sources, Mitchell Dayan was able to verify his lineage back 87 generations to King David. House: Dunkeld. However, David's plans for the north soon began to encounter problems. 381382, Oram, Richard, "David I and the Conquest of Moray", in Northern Scotland, vol. The siege of Wark, for instance, which had been going on since January, continued until it was captured in November. [110] Michael Lynch followed and built upon Barrow's compromise solution, arguing that as David's reign progressed, his kingship became more Celtic. "The Story of Queen Margaret's sons Alexander I and David I", POMS entry for David I}[https://web.archive.org/web/20070911232223/http:/www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html Thomas Owen Clancy, "History of Gaelic"Richard of Hexham's account of the 1138 Scottish invasion of England. [118], Steps were taken during David's reign to make the government of that part of Scotland he administered more like the government of Anglo-Norman England. October 6, 2022. [71], The settlement with Stephen was not set to last long. 1 Answer. See, for instance, Stringer, The Reformed Church in Medieval Galloway and Cumbria, pp. Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 83; Oram, David, esp. [72], This civil war, or "the Anarchy" as it was later called, enabled David to strengthen his own position in northern England. Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1991, The Boydell Press, 1992, Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Annat and the Origins of the Parish", in the Innes Review, vol. Cotten, William Williams, William Shivers & Negroes Hannah, About 1757 Bertie North Carolina. Possibly as a result of this,[43] and while David was still in southern England,[44] Scotland-proper rose up in arms against him. Royal Ancestor: Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland Reign: 1306 to 1329. Notable Descendant: Lady Jean Ker, married to Robert Boyd in 1594. This probably occurred without bloodshed, but through threat of force nonetheless. The list is repeated and continued another 27 generations (32, according to . Wanting his sons to succeed on their own and to expand the family business across . 3, (Aberdeen, 1995), 139ff. David's acquisition of the mines at Alston on the South Tyne enabled him to begin minting the Kingdom of Scotland's first silver coinage. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 119. [14] From 1093 until 1103 David's presence cannot be accounted for in detail, but he appears to have been in Scotland for the remainder of the 1090s. 3, (Aberdeen, 1995), Skene, Felix J. H. See G.W.S. John MacQueen, Winnifred MacQueen and D. E. R. Watt (eds. 68 (1989), pp. As such it is incorporated entire in the two tables that are contained respectively in the first chapter of the Gospel according to Matthew, and the third of the Gospel according to Luke. These altered the nature of trade and transformed his political image. 1, pp. [107], In the 20th century, several studies were devoted to Normanisation in 12th-century Scotland, focusing upon and hence emphasising the changes brought about by the reign of David I. Grme Ritchie's The Normans in Scotland (1954), Archie Duncan's Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom (1974) and the many articles of G. W. S. Barrow all formed part of this historiographical trend. Half brother of Donald mac Malcolm and Duncan II, King of Scots. It has been assumed that David took control of his inheritance the southern lands bequeathed by Edgar soon after the latter's death. ), The Acts of Malcolm IV King of Scots 11531165, Together with Scottish Royal Acts Prior to 1153 not included in Sir Archibald Lawrie's "Early Scottish Charters", in Regesta Regum Scottorum, Volume I, (Edinburgh, 1960), introductory text, pp. [83] Scotland already had an ancient system of parish churches dating to the Early Middle Ages, and the kind of system introduced by David's Normanising tendencies can more accurately be seen as mild refashioning, rather than creation; he made the Scottish system as a whole more like that of France and England, but he did not create it. [32] Whatever the case, David's claim to be heir to the Scottish kingdom was doubtful. 1869. David I, King of Scotland, Apr 1124-24 May 1153, rei David I, King of Scots worked at Earl of Huntingdon "Dabd mac Mal Choluim", "King David I of Scotland", "David I the Saint of Scotland", "Daibhidh I of Scotland", "David I "The /Scotland/", "David I /Scotland/", "David I The Saint King Of /Scotland/", "Matilda (edith) Of /Scotland/", "The Saint", "David I the Saint of /", Rei da Esccia, King of Scotland, King Bet 1124 and 1153, , Scotland, KING OF SCOTLAND, EARL OF HUNTINGDON, 'THE SAINT', King of the Scots (11241153)., Scotland- King, Roi, d'Ecosse, 1124, Comte, de Huntingdon, de Northampton, Prince of the Cumbrians. ), Scotland and the Low Countries, 11241994, (East Linton, 1996), pp. 137, Duncan, A. 967. The messianic genealogy of King David. [79] David appointed his reform-minded French chaplain John to the bishopric[80] and carried out an inquest, afterwards assigning to the bishopric all the lands of his principality, except those in the east which were already governed by the Bishop of St Andrews. ), Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller, (Cambridge, 1996), Boardman, Steve, "Late Medieval Scotland and the Matter of Britain", in Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay (eds. The youngest of the six sons of the Scottish king Malcolm III Canmore and Queen Margaret (afterward St. Margaret), David spent much of his early life at the court of his brother-in-law King Henry I of England. His easiest target was the bishopric of Glasgow, which being south of the river Forth was not regarded as part of Scotland nor the jurisdiction of St Andrews. [63], Before December was over, David marched into northern England, and by the end of January he had occupied the castles of Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle. 3 These are David's descendants who were born to him in Hebron: Amnon his firstborn by Ahinoam the Jezreelite, Daniel his second born by Abigail the Carmelite, 2 Absalom his third born by Maacah daughter of King Talmai of Geshur, Adonijah his fourth born by[ a] Haggith, 3 Shephatiah his fifth born by Abital . [122] Burghs were settlements with defined boundaries and guaranteed trading rights, locations where the king could collect and sell the products of his cain and conveth (a payment made in lieu of providing the king hospitality). Carlisle quickly replaced Roxburgh as his favoured residence. 5767 and "The Justiciar", pp. Stephen therefore marched to the city and installed a new garrison. Instead, Stephen, younger brother of Theobald II, Count of Blois, seized the throne. Lynch, Scotland: A New History, pp. 646; Thomas Owen Clancy, "History of Gaelic", here Archived 11 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. The Rothschild family is a European family of German Jewish origin that established European banking and finance houses from the late eighteenth century. ), Anglo-Norman Durham, p. 318. 114, Veitch, Kenneth, "'Replanting Paradise':Alexander I and the Reform of Religious Life in Scotland", in the Innes Review, 52 (2001), pp. [4] He was probably the eighth son of King Malcolm III, and certainly the sixth and youngest borne by Malcolm's second wife, Margaret of Wessex. The man responsible was the new aggressively assertive Archbishop of York, Thurstan. Research genealogy for David King of Teston, Kent, England, as well as other members of the King family, on Ancestry. Dr. Edward Sri is professor of theology and Scripture at the Augustine Institute's . In the following year the papacy dealt David another blow by creating the archbishopric of Trondheim, a new Norwegian archbishopric embracing the bishoprics of the Isles and Orkney.[91]. Matthew 1:1-2: "The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. Duncan was killed within the year,[12] and so in 1097 William sent Donnchad's half-brother Edgar into Scotland. Donnchad II was one, and there was another called Domnall who died in 1085, see Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1085.2, here; see also Oram, David, p. 23; and Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, p. 55; the possibility that Mel Coluim had another son, also named Mel Coluim, is open, G. W. S. Barrow, "Malcolm III (d. 1093)".