[277] It remains uncertain whether the diversity of dinosaurs was in gradual decline before the K-Pg extinction event, or whether dinosaurs were actually thriving prior to the extinction. [81] (However, some researchers have also suggested that fossilized melanosomes represent bacterial remains. Using fossil evidence, paleontologists have identified over 900 distinct genera and more than 1,000 different species of non-avian dinosaurs. Afromimus. For instance, non-ornithuromorph birds have been abundantly demonstrated to have had slow growth rates, megapode-like egg burying behavior and the ability to fly soon after birth. Dinosaur is a term which is defined as a terrestrial reptile with one of two possible hip structures. It Was a Dinosaur Tail", "Dinosaurs and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution", "Exceptional preservation and the fossil record of tetrapod integument", "Recent advances in amniote palaeocolour reconstruction and a framework for future research", "Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of Cretaceous dinosaurs and birds", "Countershading and Stripes in the Theropod Dinosaur, "3D Camouflage in an Ornithischian Dinosaur", "Interpreting melanin-based coloration through deep time: a critical review", "Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in a theropod dinosaur from Italy", "Evidence of proteins, chromosomes and chemical markers of DNA in exceptionally preserved dinosaur cartilage", "Fibres and cellular structures preserved in 75-million-year-old dinosaur specimens", "Dinosaurian Soft Tissues Interpreted as Bacterial Biofilms", "Influence of Microbial Biofilms on the Preservation of Primary Soft Tissue in Fossil and Extant Archosaurs", "A fossil protein chimera; difficulties in discriminating dinosaur peptide sequences from modern cross-contamination", "Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions", "The Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation at Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina): fossil tetrapods, high-resolution chronostratigraphy, and faunal correlations", "A new herrerasaurid (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina", American Association for the Advancement of Science, "The precise temporal calibration of dinosaur origins", "The oldest dinosaur? [117] Most of these other animals became extinct in the Triassic, in one of two events. Many valuable dinosaur specimens were damaged or destroyed due to the pair's rough methods: for example, their diggers often used dynamite to unearth bones. [283][284] End-Cretaceous trends in diversity may have varied between dinosaur lineages: it has been suggested that sauropods were not in decline, while ornithischians and theropods were in decline. [10] It has also been suggested that Dinosauria be defined with respect to the MRCA of Megalosaurus and Iguanodon, because these were two of the three genera cited by Richard Owen when he recognized the Dinosauria. [91][92][93] However, in 2005, Schweitzer and colleagues reported that a femur of Tyrannosaurus preserved soft, flexible tissue within, including blood vessels, bone matrix, and connective tissue (bone fibers) that had retained their microscopic structure. In addition, vocal communication in dinosaurs is indicated by the development of advanced hearing in nearly all major groups. [203] In most living species, uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste. He states they were unlikely to have been capable of vocalizing since their closest relatives, crocodilians and birds, use different means to vocalize, the larynx and syrinx respectively, indicating their common ancestor was mute. Birds are thus considered to be dinosaurs and dinosaurs are, therefore, not extinct. Birds, at over 10,700 living species, are among the most diverse groups of vertebrates. Saurischia includes the theropods (exclusively bipedal and with a wide variety of diets) and sauropodomorphs (long-necked herbivores which include advanced, quadrupedal groups).[29][133]. The entry of the word "dinosaur" into the common vernacular reflects the animals' cultural importance: in English, "dinosaur" is commonly used to describe anything that is impractically large, obsolete, or bound for extinction. [138] The mode of Mesozoic dinosaur body masses is between 1 to 10 metric tons (1.1 to 11.0 short tons). [270] In 1984, Dale Russell carried out an analysis to account for these biases, and found no evidence of a decline;[279] another analysis by David Fastovsky and colleagues in 2004 even showed that dinosaur diversity continually increased until the extinction,[280] but this analysis has been rebutted. [171], Comparisons between the scleral rings of dinosaurs and modern birds and reptiles have been used to infer daily activity patterns of dinosaurs. This was one of the seminal results that led to the dinosaur renaissance. [41] In Europe, dinosaur fossils were generally believed to be the remains of giants and other biblical creatures. Single-task at best. Fossil bias and true richness estimated using a Poisson sampling model", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, "Most Dinosaur Species Are Still Undiscovered", "The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades", Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, University of California Museum of Paleontology, Comptes Rendus de l'Acadmie des Sciences, Srie IIA, "Dr. W. J. Holland and the Sprawling Sauropods", "A Review of Some Recent Criticisms of the Restorations of Sauropod Dinosaurs Existing in the Museums of the United States, with Special Reference to that of, "Evolution of hindlimb posture in archosaurs: limb stresses in extinct vertebrates", Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, "Notice on the Megalosaurus or great Fossil Lizard of Stonesfield", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, "Greek Dictionary Headword Search Results", "The Taxonomy and Systematics of Dinosaurs", "That Thing With Feathers Trapped in Amber? [18] Pterosaurs are distantly related to dinosaurs, being members of the clade Ornithodira. [287] Alvarez and colleagues proposed that a sudden increase in iridium levels, recorded around the world in rock deposits at the CretaceousPaleogene boundary, was direct evidence of the impact. This also permits them to subsist on food with lower nutritive value than smaller animals. [139] This contrasts sharply with the average size of Cenozoic mammals, estimated by the National Museum of Natural History as about 2 to 5kg (4.4 to 11.0lb). While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal (as are all modern birds), some prehistoric species were quadrupeds, and others, such as Anchisaurus and Iguanodon, could walk just as easily on two or four legs. Roy. A major change in the Early Cretaceous, which would be amplified in the Late Cretaceous, was the evolution of flowering plants. Apatosaurus ( / ptsrs /; [3] [4] meaning "deceptive lizard") is a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic period. Paleontologist Othniel Marsh "first found the back end of one of the long-necked sauropods and he named it Apatosaurus," Dr. Horner tells us. [135], The first potential evidence for herding or flocking as a widespread behavior common to many dinosaur groups in addition to birds was the 1878 discovery of 31Iguanodon, ornithischians that were then thought to have perished together in Bernissart, Belgium, after they fell into a deep, flooded sinkhole and drowned. [225][226] Sauropods may also have benefitted from their sizetheir small surface area to volume ratio meant that they would have been able to thermoregulate more easily, a phenomenon termed gigantothermy. Dinosaurs in China show some differences, with specialized metriacanthosaurid theropods and unusual, long-necked sauropods like Mamenchisaurus. [38] Erect limbs probably also helped support the evolution of large size by reducing bending stresses on limbs. Using fossil evidence, paleontologists have identified over 900 distinct genera and more than 1,000 different species of non-avian dinosaurs. [122] The general homogeneity of dinosaurian faunas continued into the Middle and Late Jurassic, where most localities had predators consisting of ceratosaurians, megalosauroids, and allosauroids, and herbivores consisting of stegosaurian ornithischians and large sauropods. The Chinese considered them to be dragon bones and documented them as such. [43][50] The second non-avian dinosaur genus to be identified, Iguanodon, was discovered in 1822 by Mary Ann Mantell the wife of English geologist Gideon Mantell. Potato-of-All-Trades 2 yr. ago B r u h Ray-Misuto 2 yr. ago [299][300] Soot aerosols are thought to have spread around the world over the ensuing months and years; they would have cooled the surface of the Earth by reflecting thermal radiation, and greatly slowed photosynthesis by blocking out sunlight, thus creating an impact winter. Thanks to half a dozen of my computer saavy supporters helping scour the internet archive, we have now found and can present Robbin Koefoed's article "The Dinosaurs Never Existed," from his deleted GVENews website. tim hooper. [150], The largest carnivorous dinosaur was Spinosaurus, reaching a length of 12.6 to 18 meters (41 to 59ft), and weighing 7 to 20.9 metric tons (7.7 to 23.0 short tons). [147] The longest dinosaur known from good fossil material is Patagotitan: the skeleton mount in the American Museum of Natural History in New York is 37 meters (121ft) long. Eric I love your vids man I really enjoy your work. The nature of the event that caused this mass extinction has been extensively studied since the 1970s, leading to the development of two mechanisms that are thought to have played major roles: an extraterrestrial impact event in the Yucatn Peninsula, along with flood basalt volcanism in India. [313] Some estimates have placed the start of the second phase in the Deccan Traps eruptions within 50,000 years after the Chicxulub impact. [108] Eoraptor's likely resemblance to the common ancestor of all dinosaurs suggests that the first dinosaurs would have been small, bipedal predators. [327], By human standards, dinosaurs were creatures of fantastic appearance and often enormous size. Humans are a young species when compared with dinosaurs. Thread OP. His "no dinosaur skeleton has ever been found" is completely erroneous. This clip is taken from the Joe Rogan Experience podcast #862 with Trevor Valle (https://youtu.be/w0tG7a2nn8A), also available for download via iTunes & Stit. The eruptions can be separated into three phases around the K-Pg boundary, two prior to the boundary and one after. [189], Another widespread trait among modern birds (but see below in regards to fossil groups and extant megapodes) is parental care for young after hatching. [257], Archaeopteryx was the first fossil found that revealed a potential connection between dinosaurs and birds. [288] Shocked quartz, indicative of a strong shockwave emanating from an impact, was also found worldwide. Adasaurus - This raptor's hind claws were unusually small. [258] Since the 1990s, a number of additional feathered dinosaurs have been found, providing even stronger evidence of the close relationship between dinosaurs and modern birds. You can't say there were dinosaurs when you never saw them. [253] The description of feathered dinosaurs has not been without controversy in general; perhaps the most vocal critics have been Alan Feduccia and Theagarten Lingham-Soliar, who have proposed that some purported feather-like fossils are the result of the decomposition of collagenous fiber that underlaid the dinosaurs' skin,[254][255][256] and that maniraptoran dinosaurs with vaned feathers were not actually dinosaurs, but convergent with dinosaurs. However, the multiple skeletal features also shared by the two groups represent another important line of evidence for paleontologists. [273] The relatively large size of most dinosaurs and the low diversity of small-bodied dinosaur species at the end of the Cretaceous may have contributed to their extinction;[274] the extinction of the bird lineages that did not survive may also have been caused by a dependence on forest habitats or a lack of adaptations to eating seeds for survival. [165][166] However, this lifestyle is uncommon among modern birds, crocodiles, and other reptiles, and the taphonomic evidence suggesting mammal-like pack hunting in such theropods as Deinonychus and Allosaurus can also be interpreted as the results of fatal disputes between feeding animals, as is seen in many modern diapsid predators. [276], At the time of the K-Pg extinction, the Deccan Traps flood basalts of India were actively erupting. Fibrolamellar bone was common in both dinosaurs and pterosaurs,[210][211] though not universally present. . Through the first half of the 20th century, before birds were recognized as dinosaurs, most of the scientific community believed dinosaurs to have been sluggish and cold-blooded. Evolution and Dinosaurs Debunked; Wiki Sections (0) FrontPage (1) Earth (2) Space (3) Science (4) History (5) Society (6) Disinformation Recent Changes. [252] If the former is the case, filaments may have been common in the ornithodiran lineage and evolved before the appearance of dinosaurs themselves. [259], Because feathers are often associated with birds, feathered dinosaurs are often touted as the missing link between birds and dinosaurs. [312] Since then, however, most researchers have adopted a more moderate position, which identifies the Chicxulub impact as the primary progenitor of the extinction while also recognizing that the Deccan Traps may also have played a role. [218][219][220][221], In saurischian dinosaurs, higher metabolisms were supported by the evolution of the avian respiratory system, characterized by an extensive system of air sacs that extended the lungs and invaded many of the bones in the skeleton, making them hollow. I was thinking I read a lot of right wing non sense on here from the earth is flat, dinosaurs never existed , we were put here by an alien species LOL Proof that evolution is true .. Nutrients provide our body with various types of fuel that create different processes by Show more. [157] For example, Anchiornis huxleyi is currently the smallest non-avialan dinosaur described from an adult specimen, with an estimated weight of 110g (3.9oz)[158] and a total skeletal length of 34 centimeters (1.12ft). However, this specimen on its own does not offer enough information to determine whether this dinosaur had sexual signalling functions; it only supports the possibility. [177], Modern birds are known to communicate using visual and auditory signals, and the wide diversity of visual display structures among fossil dinosaur groups, such as horns, frills, crests, sails, and feathers, suggests that visual communication has always been important in dinosaur biology. Within the archosaur group, dinosaurs are differentiated most noticeably by their gait. [99] Suggestions that these structures represent bacterial biofilms[100] have been rejected,[101] but cross-contamination remains a possibility that is difficult to detect. The lungs of theropod dinosaurs (carnivores that walked on two legs and had bird-like feet) likely pumped air into hollow sacs in their skeletons, as is the case in birds. [123], There were three general dinosaur faunas in the Late Cretaceous. [110] Predatory theropod dinosaurs, which occupied most terrestrial carnivore niches during the Mesozoic, most often fall into the 100 to 1000kg (220 to 2200lb) category when sorted by estimated weight into categories based on order of magnitude, whereas recent predatory carnivoran mammals peak in the 10 to 100kg (22 to 220lb) category. Across theropods, sauropodomorphs, and ornithischians, the number of named genera began to increase exponentially in the 1990s. Humans and dinosaurs did not live at the same time; and a small . In the northern continents of North America and Asia, the major theropods were tyrannosaurids and various types of smaller maniraptoran theropods, with a predominantly ornithischian herbivore assemblage of hadrosaurids, ceratopsians, ankylosaurids, and pachycephalosaurians. The fossil record shows that birds are feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch, and are the only dinosaur lineage known to have survived the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event approximately 66mya. Dinosaurs Never Existed 9 December 2020 Eric Dubay - Dec 28, 2018 The class "Dinosauria" was originally defined by "Sir" Richard Owen of the Royal Society, and Superintendent of the British Museum Natural History Department in 1842. [143], The tallest and heaviest dinosaur known from good skeletons is Giraffatitan brancai (previously classified as a species of Brachiosaurus). Images of Earth from Space are Fake Sep. 07, 2022. In Asia, maniraptoran coelurosaurians like dromaeosaurids, troodontids, and oviraptorosaurians became the common theropods, and ankylosaurids and early ceratopsians like Psittacosaurus became important herbivores. PLEASE SUPPORT OUR PROJECT USING GOOGLE WALLET!Google Pay info and app: https://pay.google.com/aboutGoogle Pay - Sending link: https://pay.google.com/send/h. [33][34] Another difficulty of determining distinctly dinosaurian features is that early dinosaurs and other archosaurs from the Late Triassic epoch are often poorly known and were similar in many ways; these animals have sometimes been misidentified in the literature. [141] The rapid airflow would also have been an effective cooling mechanism, which in conjunction with a lower metabolic rate[224] would have prevented large sauropods from overheating. This is because only a tiny percentage of animals were ever fossilized and most of these remain buried in the earth. [121] Flowering plants were greatly radiating,[122] with the first grasses appearing by the end of the Cretaceous. [180] The earliest remains of a syrinx was found in a specimen of the duck-like Vegavis iaai dated 6966million years ago, and this organ is unlikely to have existed in non-avian dinosaurs. [90][94] Many fields of study contribute to our understanding of dinosaurs, including physics (especially biomechanics), chemistry, biology, and the Earth sciences (of which paleontology is a sub-discipline). Brought to light just two years after Charles Darwin's seminal On the Origin of Species (1859), its discovery spurred the nascent debate between proponents of evolutionary biology and creationism. 2 3 Next. Dinosaurs evolved and then became extinct long before man walked the Earth.245 mya (million years ago) dinosaurs evolved.208 mya birds evolved.65 mya dinosaurs became extinct.80 thousand years ago . [24], In 2016, the estimated number of dinosaur species that existed in the Mesozoic was 1,5432,468. For example, Huayang Guo Zhi(), a gazetteer compiled by Chang Qu() during the Western Jin Dynasty (265316), reported the discovery of dragon bones at Wucheng in Sichuan Province. Acrotholus - North America's earliest bone-headed dinosaur. [98] In 2015, Sergio Bertazzo and colleagues reported the preservation of collagen fibres and red blood cells in eight Cretaceous dinosaur specimens that did not show any signs of exceptional preservation, indicating that soft tissue may be preserved more commonly than previously thought. Adeopapposaurus - A close relative of Massospondylus. Examples of this include the Morrison Formation of North America and Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania. Hence the syrinx may have supplemented and then replaced the larynx as a vocal organ rather than there being a "silent period" in bird evolution. These stones are swallowed by animals to aid digestion and break down food and hard fibers once they enter the stomach. [58], Dinosaur mania was exemplified by the fierce rivalry between Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, both of whom raced to be the first to find new dinosaurs in what came to be known as the Bone Wars. [222][263], Fossils of the troodonts Mei and Sinornithoides demonstrate that some dinosaurs slept with their heads tucked under their arms. 63. We have an over 50% complete Allosaurus skeleton in our Creation Museum, dug out of the ground in northwestern Colorado. Many of these specimens were unearthed in the lagersttten of the Jehol Biota. [154], The smallest dinosaur known is the bee hummingbird,[155] with a length of only 5 centimeters (2.0in) and mass of around 1.8g (0.063oz). It's impossible that dinosaurs existed because dinosaurs are too big? What about all the Pictures of the Earth? [121] The stegosaurians appear to have gone extinct at some point in the late Early Cretaceous or early Late Cretaceous. The React team investigates as conspiracists take to social media to dispel dinosaurs' existence Though the first dinosaurs appeared about 243 million years ago, they remain as prominent as ever today. Archosaurian reptiles that dominated the Mesozoic Era, Dinosaurs (including birds) are members of the. Rhynchosaurs and dicynodonts survived (at least in some areas) at least as late as earlymid Norian and late Norian or earliest Rhaetian stages, respectively,[118][119] and the exact date of their extinction is uncertain. Proof that dinosaurs never existed! Ceratopsians developed a method of slicing with teeth stacked on each other in batteries, and iguanodontians refined a method of grinding with dental batteries, taken to its extreme in hadrosaurids. [244][255] However, their views have for the most part not been accepted by other researchers, to the point that the scientific nature of Feduccia's proposals has been questioned. Mokele-mbembe is a myth based on literally nothing but talk there are no photos, no videos, and no bones. Knowledge about dinosaurs is derived from a variety of fossil and non-fossil records, including fossilized bones, feces, trackways, gastroliths, feathers, impressions of skin, internal organs and other soft tissues. Somebody actually saw Adam and Eve eating apples. [195][196][197][198] Both Tyrannosaurus and Troodon had juveniles with clear superprecociality and likely occupying different ecological niches than the adults. By contrast, ornithischians"bird-hipped", from the Greek ornitheios () meaning "of a bird" and ischion () meaning "hip joint"had a pelvis that superficially resembled a bird's pelvis: the pubic bone was oriented caudally (rear-pointing). Samuel Beckles discovered a sauropod forelimb with preserved skin in 1852 that was incorrectly attributed to a crocodile; it was correctly attributed by Marsh in 1888 and subject to further study by Reginald Hooley in 1917. In subsequent decades, dinosaur exhibits opened at parks and museums around the world, ensuring that successive generations would be introduced to the animals in an immersive and exciting way. Its anatomy indicated that it was an active predator that was likely warm-blooded, in marked contrast to the then-prevailing image of dinosaurs. [14], Research by Matthew G. Baron, David B. Norman, and Paul M. Barrett in 2017 suggested a radical revision of dinosaurian systematics. [37] Their erect posture enabled early dinosaurs to breathe easily while moving, which likely permitted stamina and activity levels that surpassed those of "sprawling" reptiles. [182], In 2023, a fossilized larynx was described from a specimen of the ankylosaurid Pinacosaurus. For example, the Jurassic dinosaur Stegosaurus had already been extinct for approximately 80 million years before the . Dinosaurs are represented on every continent by both extant species (birds) and fossil remains. [329] The enduring popularity of dinosaurs, in its turn, has resulted in significant public funding for dinosaur science, and has frequently spurred new discoveries. Dinosaurs are big and impressive megafauna. They resurrected the clade Ornithoscelida to refer to the group containing Ornithischia and Theropoda. Dinosaurs Never Existed. "And. [14] A minority of scientists, most notably Alan Feduccia and Larry Martin, have proposed other evolutionary paths, including revised versions of Heilmann's basal archosaur proposal,[243] or that maniraptoran theropods are the ancestors of birds but themselves are not dinosaurs, only convergent with dinosaurs. 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[245] Direct fossil evidence of feathers or feather-like structures has been discovered in a diverse array of species in many non-avian dinosaur groups,[70] both among saurischians and ornithischians. [234], The size and shape of the brain can be partly reconstructed based on the surrounding bones. [77][78] Chiefly among these were the rocks that produced the Jehol (Early Cretaceous) and Yanliao (Mid-to-Late Jurassic) biotas of northeastern China, from which hundreds of dinosaur specimens bearing impressions of feather-like structures (both closely related to birds and otherwise, see Origin of birds) have been described by Xing Xu and colleagues.