What are strategies for interacting with people who are blind or have low vision? If you have a neurological disorder, medications can help manage the condition and lead to reflex stability. -decreased accommodation A physical trauma or injury, such as from a car accident or fall, is a common cause of injury to the nerves. -preauricular lymphadenopathy Look through the ophthalmoscope, shining the light towards the patients eye at a distance of approximately one arms length. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 12 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> You may notice this commonly in pictures with flash. For example, the knee jerk is a normal reflex and the absence of this reflex would be considered abnormal. The most common cause of an absent reflex response is peripheral neuropathy. an illusion of motion of the person or surroundings. Align the height of your eyes with the patients eyes. Neurological diseases, when left untreated, can lead to issues with movement and disability. -sowing Produced by the Moran Eye Center in partnership with the Eccles Library, Home/Basic Ophthalmology Review/Direct Ophthalmoscope, Title: Examination of the Red Reflex in Pediatric and Adult Patients, Author (s): Cole Swiston, MSIV, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Photographer: Ethan Peterson (Videographer), James Gilman CRA/FOPS (Photographer). Make sure the lights in the room are turned off, making the red reflex easier to see. RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f Ask person " How may I help you?". -wait 5 to 10 min between eye drops if more than one is prescribed to prevent one medication from diluting the other Debris over the surface of the eye may also cause a black reflex, so the examiner should ask the patient to blink and check for the red reflex again. Typically, when a muscle tendon is tapped briskly, the muscle immediately contracts. 2007 Sep;12(3):223-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2007.00143.x. Instagram: https://instagram.com/geekymedics Miller Fisher syndrome is a rare nerve disease. For all causes of brisk reflexes, physical or occupational therapy can help. (2017). Webacoustic reflex occurs i.e. Licence: James Heilman, MD. The red reflex is a reflective phenomenon seen when light passes through the pupil and is reflected back off the retina to a viewing aperture, creating a reddish orange glow. Encourage the patient to look at your light. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal When examining the red reflex, look first for its presence or absence, the color of the reflex, brightness, and importantly, symmetry between eyes. Prescribed for nausea and vertigo Ku C Yong, Tan A Kah, Yeap T Ghee, Lim C Siang and Mae-Lynn C Bastion. An example of this would be (your refractive error of 0) + (patients refractive error of -2) = a setting of -2. How to use an AED | Automated External Defibrillator - OSCE Guide. Cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy and sensorinural hearing loss. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure. The exact cause of this condition isnt known. Chapters: Acoustic Threshold An acoustic reflex threshold is the lowest intensity level at which an acoustic reflex is elicited at each frequency for each ear. -Anticonvulsants The angle between the iris and the sclera suddenly closes, causing a corresponding increase in IOP. 1. Increases the outflow of the aqueous humor. During a reflex test, your muscle contracts in response to taps from the, Your bladder relies on muscles to contract and release when youre ready to urinate. (2013). Once you identify the optic disc assess its characteristics including the contour, colour and the cup (3Cs): 5. Here are some of the conditions that can cause areflexia: People with diabetes can experience nerve damage resulting from: Deficiencies of vitamins E, B-1, B-6, and B-12 can cause nerve damage and lead to areflexia. - Aspirin is known as a salicylate and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). -age Place the hand not holding the ophthalmoscope onto the patients forehead to prevent accidental collision between yours and the patients face. A collection of anatomy notes covering the key anatomy concepts that medical students need to learn. -*Dovonex* Sensory nerve cells or neurons. What are some medications used to treat psoriasis? Motor fibers. *NSAIDs:* aspirin, ibuprofen -analgesics and application of heat for pain An above-average reaction to a reflex test could indicate an underlying neurological condition. Redirects and rewriting URLs are two very common directives found in a .htaccess file, and many scripts such as WordPress, Drupal, Joomla and Magento add directives to the .htaccess so those scripts can function. -Fundoscopy: Identifies optic disc cupping. stimulating one ear (ipsilateral ear) elicits an acoustic re-flex in both the ipsilateral and contralateral ears. -ocular pain The child may suddenly have a hard time walking or coordinating. Switch on the ophthalmoscope, hold it close to your eyes and 12-18 inches away from the patients eyes, and shine the light towards the patients eyes. The most common cause of low reflex response is peripheral neuropathy. * They decrease IOP by reducing aqueous humor production. The nurse should recognize this as a manifestation of which of the following diseases? It is essential to darken the room for the examination. Similarly, the red reflex can assist in the diagnosis of conditions causing visual loss in adults. Last medically reviewed on February 26, 2019. Ill place a hand on your forehead to prevent us from bumping into each other., Ill also be using some eye drops to dilate your pupils. WebIt cannot be used, however, to identify causes of poor vision related to retinal or optic nerve damage, such as retinal dystrophy or optic atrophy. 2. low vision specialist or occupational therapist Licence: Public domain. -diabetes Dark spots in the red reflex, a blunted red reflex on 1 side, lack of a red reflex, or the presence of a white reflex (retinal reflection) are all indications for referral to an ophthalmologist." -colored halos seen around lights The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Note any asymmetry in pupil size(anisocoria). -hypertension Experts are warning people that they may have an allergy to red meat if they develop these gastrointestinal symptoms. Nursing Informatics (desperate nursing studen, c468, jeopardy, c468 PA, C468 Nursing Informa, C468 Information Management and Application o. 6. Neurogenic causes of detrusor underactivity. -driving You might also be interested in our awesome bank of 700+ OSCE Stations. Imaging tests, such as MRI, can help your doctor see neurological damage. -sensorineural hearing loss If you have a refractive error and are not going to wear your glasses/contact lenses you should adjust the diopter dial to match your prescription (e.g. Adapted by Geeky Medics. Your brain typically regulates this process, but sometimes the. Pupils should be round. TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@geekymedics Diabetes, anemia, and vitamin deficiency are possible causes of absent reflexes. Geeky Medics accepts no liability for loss of any kind incurred as a result of reliance upon the information provided in this video. Q"d`d$2e>&TB2"t` ;f 7D";rsK;A?ufrs3Vf0!acp`j%J&Pc|R=s!R A=-2iIBuQvG]r@#i (2013). Internal vibrations may be caused by a neurological condition. -urinary retention, Can cause: The most common cause of this dulling in an adult is a cataract, but an abnormal red reflex may also clue you in to other pathologies in the cornea (abrasion, infection, or scar), vitreous (hemorrhage or inflammation), or retina (retinal - Over 3000 Free MCQs: https://geekyquiz.com/ WebMost commonly due to: congenital cataract retrolental fibroplasia corneal scarring - ocular toxocariasis persistence of the tunica vasculosa lentis retinoblastoma James Heilman, MD. These vitamins are essential to nerve health. <> High blood sugar can damage nerves, especially in your legs and feet. Sharma KR, Saadia D, Facca AG, Resnick S, Ayyar DR. J Peripher Nerv Syst. -smoking Acute angle-closure glaucoma. WebTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case in English literature in which a facial nerve schwannoma presented with conductive deafness of gradual onset and absent stapedial reflex with a normally functioning facial nerve. -vesicles appear clear initially, become cloudy, then eventually rupture and crust. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). -*Drusens= clusters of debris or waste material*. If you have normal visual acuity, you can set the diopter dial to 0. Notice that the CaSe is important in this example. -use assistive devices as needed for ambulation E. Ear pain relieved by meclizine. (n.d.). Adapted by Geeky Medics. Learn about the benefits and risks of acupuncture as a treatment for neuropathy pain. Search Bing for all related images, Findings: Abnormal - Leukokoria (White Pupil reflex), Bell (2013) Am Fam Physician 88(4): 241-8 [PubMed], Cheng (1990) Pediatric Ann 19(6): 376-86 [PubMed], Essman (1992) Am Fam Physician 46(4):1243-52 [PubMed], Mills (1999) Am Fam Physician 60(3):907-16 [PubMed], Simon (2001) Am Fam Physician 64(4):623-8 [PubMed], Screening in all children under age 3 years, Both eyes together at 2-3 feet (60-90 cm), Light reflex normally appears red (Red Reflex), Normal if red-orange or even orange-yellow, Leukokoria requires urgent ophthalmology referral, Opacified or clouded lens (often related to underlying systemic or genetic disorder), Often results in absence of Red Reflex (as opposed to white reflex), Primary persistent hyperplastic vitreous (persistent fetal vasculature), Associated with subretinal fluid and lipid collection, Berson (1987) Ophthalmology Study Guide, AAO, p. 106. The dilating drops will cause your vision to be temporarily blurry and youll be more sensitive to light, so youll not be able to drive for several hours afterwards.. 2. Acetazolamide, Dorzolamide, Brinzolamide, decrease IOP by reducing aqueous humor production. A collection of data interpretation guides to help you learn how to interpret various laboratory and radiology investigations. B. Blepharitis. Many reflexes are normal. Licence: Public domain. National Eye Institute. You may need to scroll to find it. - Over 3000 Free MCQs: https://geekyquiz.com/ It is possible that you may need to edit the .htaccess file at some point, for various reasons.This section covers how to edit the file in cPanel, but not what may need to be changed. -african american ethnicity. Similar to a pediatric patient, dimming, dulling, or asymmetry in an adult patient often indicates opacity of structures in the visual axis. (2016). The video focuses on the technique of chest compressions with an easy-to-follow demonstration. What is the medical definition of an ankle jerk? How to find the correct spelling and folder, 404 Errors After Clicking WordPress Links, From the left-hand navigation menu in WordPress, click. A normal response means your neurons respond to the tap from a reflex hammer with enough contraction (about two times). For this, appropriate referral is needed. Which nerve is responsible for ankle jerk reflex? -pressure 2. What is the surgery for retinal detachment? -purulent exudates # End WordPress. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. -Skin changes from pink to dark red -devote full attention if the person uses sign language. -Inform client that moving the pinna or triages to instill medications may cause pain Its drying effects on such symptoms as *watery eyes* and runny nose are caused by blocking another natural substance made by your body (acetylcholine). and transmitted securely. *(WIDE)* This is the more common form. -pupil nonreactive to light, What are the two types of glaucoma? Reflexes in psychiatry. B. open-angle glaucoma Epub 2006 Mar 20. -sneezing 01:16 When to pause chest compressions Areflexia is the opposite of hyperreflexia. The plantar reflex (Babinski) is tested by coarsely running a key or the end of the reflex hammer up the lateral aspect of the foot from heel to big toe. 2. slit lamp visualizes opacities. %PDF-1.7 Fundal reflex. The absence of one or both reflexes was significantly related to increasing age; all patients under . -This phase is between 10-15 days *toxic*: long-term use of corticosteroids, beta blockers, or biotic medications -tearing (2017). A. Enlarged adenoids -secondary lesions are common in the form of vesicles, excoriations and crusts, A chronic inflammatory multisystem disorder; *characterized by silvery plaques* #geekymedics #fyp #fypviral #studytok #medicalstudentuk #medtok #studytips #studytipsforstudents #medstudentuk #premed #medschoolfinals #respiratory #respiratoryexam #osces #paces #examination #procedure #clinical #clinicalyears. -rest in a quiet and darkened environment A collection of free medical student quizzes to put your medical and surgical knowledge to the test! Nocturnal Leg Cramps and Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Community. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). The central part of the macula, the fovea is about the same diameter as the optic disc and appears darker than the rest of the macula due to the presence of an additional pigment. Rarely, neurological diseases that affect the connection between Sensors (Basel). Seeing red in young children: the importance of the red reflex. You may also learn techniques to maintain independence. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 00:00 Introduction -diplopia (double vision) Licence: Jonathan Trobe, M.D. The Moro reflex is a normal primitive, infantile reflex. Whats the outlook for people with areflexia? A comprehensive collection of OSCE guides to common clinical procedures, including step-by-step images of key steps, video demonstrations and PDF mark schemes. There are no current specific medications available to treat detrusor areflexia. If you and the patient have normal visual acuity, set the dial to 0 (e.g. Either way, please contact your web host immediately. A comprehensive collection of medical revision notes that cover a broad range of clinical topics. -objects appear distorted Your doctor may prescribe steroids to help reduce the inflammation. The aqueous humor outflow is decreased due to blockages in the eye's drainage system, causing gradual rise in intraocular pressure. Ask the patient to look straight ahead for the duration of the examination (asking the patient to fixate on a distant target such as a light switch can cause confusion if you then obstruct the view of this target). *nearsighted and have blurred vision*. -do not try to appear as if you understand if you don't. It is especially important to evaluate for these conditions, as they both may lead to amblyopia, which is abnormal development of the normal visual pathways. Is it bad if you dont have a knee reflex? Anterior uveitis. It is also possible that you have inadvertently deleted your document root or the your account may need to be recreated. The site is secure. Edit the file on your computer and upload it to the server via FTP. Yoshimura N, et al. All of the following further assessments and investigations are dependent on the patients presenting complaint and in most cases, none of them would need to be performed: DON'T MISS these key clinical symptoms to touch on in your next RESPIRATORY HISTORY Save this video for later and follow for more OSCE tips videos! When working with WordPress, 404 Page Not Found errors can often occur when a new theme has been activated or when the rewrite rules in the .htaccess file have been altered. Kiely P, Baker JF, O'hEireamhoin S, Butler JS, Ahmed M, Lui DF, Devitt B, Walsh A, Poynton AR, Synnott KA. 3 0 obj 2015 Dec 3;310:342-53. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.034. If you are assessing the patients right eye, you should hold the ophthalmoscope in your right hand and vice versa. On platforms that enforce case-sensitivity PNG and png are not the same locations. CIDP is closely related to GBS. -An emergency when part of the eye (the retina) pulls away from supportive tissue. -always wash hands before and after (2017). - Geeky Medics OSCE App: https://geekymedics.com/geeky-medics-app/ Just click. Corneal abrasion. What Blood Tests Can Help Diagnose Sjgrens Syndrome? -once eye drop is instilled, apply pressure using the punctual occlusion technique (placing pressure on the inner corner of the eye). Begin by identifying a blood vessel and then follow the branching of this blood vessel towards the optic disc (the branches point like arrows towards the optic disc). The doctor may tap spots on or near your knees, biceps, fingers, or ankles. Effects of fatigue and gender on peroneal reflexes elicited by sudden ankle inversion. -Apply for 10 to 15 minutes at a time, 3 to 5 times a day. 5 or higher: significant hyper reflexivity; 3: brisk reflexes (more hyper reflexive than normal). 4 0 obj C. macular degeneration Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Licence: Evan Herk. Beta blockers are contraindicated in clients with what type of respiratory conditions? During a reflex test, your doctor tests your deep tendon reflexes with a reflex hammer to measure your response. Depending on your symptoms, these tests may include: Treatment for areflexia depends on the underlying cause. How do you communicated with people who are hearing impaired? The differential diagnosis for what could be causing an abnormal reflex ranges in severity from causes that will resolve on their own to pathology that can be life-threatening, which is why expert evaluation is essential. If not, correct the error or revert back to the previous version until your site works again. CAPOS syndrome is a rare genetic disease. -excessive exposure to the sun (A gradual loss of peripheral vision is a manifestation associated with open-angle glaucoma). - 700+ OSCE Stations: https://geekymedics.com/osce-stations/ Introduce yourself to the patient including your name and role. You can access our step-by-step guide alongside the video here: https://geekymedics.com/basic-life-support-bls-osce-guide/ -head hyperflexion How to Market Your Business with Webinars. Licence: Tripp on Flickr. -warm the medication by rolling container between the hands. Some of the conditions that trigger areflexia, such as MS and RA, have no current cure. l"xh@6#0GypI. To set up the ophthalmoscope for assessing the fundus, adjust the diopter dial so that it is the net result of yours and the patients refractive error: 1. A nurse is caring for a client who has suspected Meziere's Disease. -Client 10 feet from chart with heels on 10-foot mark. In Guillain-Barr syndrome, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system. The occurrence of episodic vertigo associated with aural pressure but no cochlear symptoms. Leukocoria is a term for whitening of the red reflex. 1. If your blog is showing the wrong domain name in links, redirecting to another site, or is missing images and style, these are all usually related to the same problem: you have the wrong domain name configured in your WordPress blog. -Pt verbalizes *extreme itching* What Does It Mean to Have Thalassemia Trait (Minor)? Miosis. Repeat assessment of the fundal reflex and fundus on the other eye. -This medication is *used to treat high pressure inside the eye due to glaucoma* (open angle-type) or other eye diseases (ocular hypertension). Comprehensive Ophthalmic Examination. Examples of asymmetry include a larger pupil in oculomotor nerve palsy and a smaller one in Horners syndrome. -lack of depth perception Check out our other awesome clinical skills resources including: Publication types Case Reports MeSH terms Adult Do not rub or touch your eyelid. D. Light reflex visible on otoscopic exam in the effected ear Which of the following is an expected finding? endobj What Is the Hoffman Sign and What Does It Mean? What are S/S of bacterial conjunctivitis? Shafiq A. WebInfantile reflexes are tested and observed by medical professionals to evaluate neurological function and development. Light Reflex Tests. Your doctor might periodically perform a reflex test to see if neuron function has improved or deteriorated. This varies by browser, if you do not see a box on your page with a red X try right clicking on the page, then select View Page Info, and goto the Media Tab. *Adverse Effects include:* Licence. *20/200 is considered legal blindness.*. *Cold drops cause dizziness* What are some surgical complications that might come with trabeculectomy surgery? If youve been experiencing any numbness, weakness, or abnormal sensations of the muscles or nerves, see your doctor for a diagnosis right away. If brisk reflexes are related to an injury, youll likely see normal muscle contractions as your body heals. -dry mouth Adapted by Geeky Medics. Cataract. -Cyclocryotherapy freezes the ciliary body and prevents aqueous humor production. Put the custom structure back if you had one. Inspection of the external eyes including the anterior segment can provide a lot of valuable clinical information. IOP is elevated with glaucoma, especially angle-closure -keep client side lying after instilling drops. -Eyeball shape determines acuity. -*risk prone health behavior* related to disability required change in lifestyle due to unpredictability of vertigo Int J Gen Med. Pupils can besmaller in infancy and larger in adolescence, then often smaller again in the elderly. Licence: Adapted by Geeky Medics. Pan-retinal photocoagulation. -avoid touching the tip of application bottle to the eye 20/20 means that the patient can read at 20 feet what the average person can read at 20 feet. You'll likely need several tests by different doctors. See the Section on 404 errors after clicking a link in WordPress. Below is a non-exhaustive list of causes of red eye, with their associated clinical features. Another important aspect of red reflex testing is evaluating for symmetry between eyes. When you get a 404 error be sure to check the URL that you are attempting to use in your browser.This tells the server what resource it should attempt to request. - 700+ OSCE Stations: https://geekymedics.com/osce-stations/ Areflexia is usually caused by an underlying condition related to disease or injury to the nervous system. This will reset the permalinks and fix the issue in many cases. The Hoffman sign happens when one of your fingers or thumbs flexes in response to the Hoffman test. If the patient has a refractive error and you have normal visual acuity set the dial to the net refractive error. If you're born with thalassemia trait, you may only have mild symptoms, but you can still pass the condition on. Adapted by Geeky Medics. Causes can be complex but with specific tests from a Physiotherapist a clearer picture may be gained. This reflex is usually absent in disk herniations at the L 5S 1 level. A series of sessions can help you learn exercises and movement strategies to help modify active reflexes. If the patient is a child, have them sit on their parents lap. What causes a delay in the ankle jerk reflex? * 0 + 0 = 0). Test your website to make sure your changes were successfully saved. -eating Nurse is caring for an older adult client who has diabetes mellitus and reports gradual loss of peripheral vision. After the reflex test, your doctor may also test your gait. This test is often done during a physical exam. If your doctor rates your reactions 0 or 1, your muscles show little to no contraction during the test. What is the surgical management for glaucoma? 3. -starts as a patchy generalized erythematous eruption accompanied by fever, malaise, and chills. What are S/S of herpes zoster (shingles)? Licence: Public domain. 7. keep needed items at hand Validation of bedside methods in evaluation of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. When reflex responses are absent this could be a clue that the spinal cord, nerve root, peripheral nerve, or muscle has been damaged. You will need to approach the patient from the opposite side and hold the ophthalmoscope in your other hand. We assessed the prevalence of abnormal ankle reflexes in 1074 adult patients attending orthopaedic clinics and related it to age. -*tinnitus*: ringing in the ears The neurological examination: Reflex testing. Check out our NEW quiz platform at app.geekymedics.com, To be the first to know about our latest videos subscribe to our YouTube channel . You may have postprandial hypotension, which can affect systolic blood pressure after meals. 5. braille and service animals. The absence of one or both reflexes was significantly related to increasing age; all patients under 30 years had both reflexes. Adapted by Geeky Medics. -diet lacking carotene and vitamin E -eye trauma -increased nearsightedness. Adapted by Geeky Medics. RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. *Used to treat psoriasis. Accessed September 6, 2018. DO NOT perform any examination or procedure on patients based purely on the content of these videos. In this example the file must be in public_html/example/Example/. Yandle on Flickr. If you go to your temporary url (http://ip/~username/) and get this error, there maybe a problem with the rule set stored in an .htaccess file. -eye trauma Our results suggest that a significant number of 'normal' adults have unilateral absence of an ankle reflex, but this finding is rare enough to be a definite clinical sign, irrespective of age. -elevated IOP. Other symptoms will depend on the underlying cause. -painless -photophobia= extreme sensitivity to light TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@geekymedics However, the conditions dontcause brisk reflexes. Absence of the fundal reflex in children can be due to congenital cataracts, retinal detachment, vitreous haemorrhage and retinoblastoma. The allergy can develop after a, This inherited blood disorder usually requires vitamin supplement. Ask if the patient has any pain before proceeding. -ptosis: drooping of upper eye lid. -topical corticosteroids -Tazarotene (Tazorac). -report excessive ear drainage 00:44 Demonstration of how to use an AED Fundoscopy (ophthalmoscopy) frequently appears in OSCEs and youll be expected to pick up the relevant clinical signs using your examination skills. *(Primary Open-Angle)*. Allergic conjunctivitis. -Apply a warm washcloth to the eyelid. -Repeat with other eye. <> There are also a few rare disorders that can cause areflexia. -red inflamed eyes Licence: Public domain. Neurological condition. WebThose with possible pathological causes of reflex loss were excluded. WebIf a reflex is graded as abnormal this can show there is: A lesion in the motor pathway. -instill one drop in each eye once or twice daily Report of recent colds The most common cause of low reflex response is peripheral neuropathy. <>/Metadata 779 0 R/ViewerPreferences 780 0 R>> Adapted by Geeky Medics. -conjunctival hyperemia Asymmetry would be considered an abnormal result and is generally evaluated with the Bruckner test, where both eyes are visualized simultaneously with the direct ophthalmoscope. *ATI QUESTION* Any abnormalities discovered, especially leukocoria, require urgent referral to an ophthalmologist. Peaked pupils in the context of trauma are suggestive of globe rupture (the peaked appearance is caused by the iris plugging the leak). WebA normal red reflex can rule out intraocular pathology; an abnormal reflex can indicate need for urgent ophthalmologic referral. What is age-related macular degeneration? Which of the following are expected findings? -halos seen around lights Learn more. Its thought that an infection triggers it, such as the stomach flu or Epstein-Barr virus. An example of this would be (your refractive error of +3) + (patients refractive error of -2) = a setting of +1. -Visual data collection: measures decrease in visual acuity and peripheral vision The Moro reflex is an involuntary protective motor response against abrupt disruption of body balance or extremely sudden stimulation. -conductive hearing loss Visual acuity test: snellen chart and Rosenbaum eye charts -mydriasis Exposure to toxic levels of chemicals or heavy metals, like lead or mercury, can result in nerve damage. 00:23 Key parts of an AED *traumatic*: blunt or penetrating injury or foreign body in the eye
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