The chief purpose in life is glorifying God and Paul lived that out. Sincere love and sensitive heart (Acts 17:16, Romans 9:3) Pauls sensitive spirit was provoked when he saw Athens full of idols and all the people blindly following falsehoods. 805a; cf. if you are trying to comment, you must log in or set up a new account. There, Onesiphorus sees Paul as "a man small of stature, with a bald head and crooked legs, in a good state of body, with eyebrows meeting and nose somewhat hooked, full of friendliness; for now he appeared like a man, and now he had the face of an angel." Type Research Article Information Harvard Theological Review, Volume 79, He was converted to faith in Jesus Christ about 33 ce, and he died, probably in Rome, circa 6264 ce. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. But this is not true. He spoke of himself as the mother, the father, the brother of these communities. It is doubtful that his family was wealthy or aristocratic, but, since he found it noteworthy that he sometimes worked with his own hands, it may be assumed that he was not a common labourer. Over their history, the Pharisees had many martyrs, as they single-mindedly defended the tradition of Yahweh against threats from without and within Israel. This doctrine, so adverse to the message that Paul and Barnabas had proclaimed in their previous preaching, required a response. 2. ?? He received from Jesus the . He went from place to place, dragging believers from their homes to prison. Much of his writing must be understood as flowing from such love and respect, wanting only the peoples good in all circumstances. After this meeting he began his famous missions to the west, preaching first in his native Syria and Cilicia (Galatians 1:1724). They might well have taken a more direct route, thus avoiding the dangerous cities visited earlier. The vicious mob at Lystra supposed Paul was dead and obviously left the site. Training and occupation: Paul was a Pharisee (Php 3:5-6). We can only acknowledge it and live with it. During the next 20 years or so (c. mid-30s to mid-50s), he established several churches in Asia Minor and at least three in Europe, including the church at Corinth. My daughters have hard questions about the church. Accordingly, the apostle prepared a short letter to Philemon (to be delivered by Onesimus). The militant apostle was scarcely dry from his immersion when be began his preaching to the Jews of Damascus (Acts 9:20), with no apparent success entered into the record. 30 E.g., Plutarch Antonius 4.1: A shapely beard, a broad forehead, and an aquiline nose were thought to show the virile qualities peculiar to the portraits and statues of Heracles., 32 See Kindstrand, J. F., Sostratus-Hercules-AgathionThe Rise of a Legend Kungl. Perhaps we still will not like him much, but, once understood, his contribution to faith will be appreciated more than ever. 2000, 1102). Solomon. He had the same struggles we have. Letters considered Deutero-Pauline (probably written by Pauls followers after his death) are Ephesians, Colossians, and 2 Thessalonians; 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus are Trito-Pauline (probably written by members of the Pauline school a generation after his death). Tarsus was loosely akin to a university town. While Onesimus had received pardon from the Lord, he still had a moral obligation to his master, Philemon. Other Jews, and even Barnabas, had been caught up in this dissimulation (v. 13). ENTJs are typically career-focused, which was certainly the case with Paul the Apostle. He was a student of the Scriptures and knew them well. Like many sanguine personalities, he bites off more than he can chew, is extremely optimistic - to the extreme of being naive, and speaks without thinking. No grudges held! Important acts and events: 1. But who was this powerful personality? 2023 Fortify Your Faith Foundation. Paul of Tarsus was an undeniably forceful presence in the early Christian church, instructing fledgling congregations of believers throughout the Mediterranean in person and by letter and authoring about half of the New Testament in the process. Paul was stoned, dragged outside the city, and left for dead. And to the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain Jews; to them that are under the law, as under the law, not being myself under the law, that I might gain them that are under the law; to them that are without law, as without law, not being without law to God, but under law to Christ, that I might gain them that are without law. But patience is thereif one looks for it. He would humbly recede into the shadows for the moment, that the gospel might not be damaged. INTJ. He then returned to Damascus, and three years later he went to Jerusalem to become acquainted with the leading apostles there. Render date: 2023-05-01T12:06:44.537Z (Acts 26:4, 5; Phil. And it's his style of leadership that helped the church grow so fast. In the December 1956 issue of the National Geographic Magazine, there appeared an article, as I recall, under the title, In the Steps of Paul. The author or authors, who had done considerable research on Pauls travels, estimated that his missionary endeavors consumed some twelve thousand miles, some by ship on the mighty Mediterranean Sea, and also across its armsthe Aegean and Adriatic Seas. Having learned of a previous episode in which Peter had yielded to Jewish prejudice and withdrew from Gentile association, refusing to share in common meals with them, Paul chastised the wayward apostle. My best advice for anyone struggling with prayer: Make a morning offering. Paul, the apostle of Christ, was one of the most influential men of earths history. Dissimulation derives from the Greek, hupokrisisthe basis of the English, hypocrisy (cf. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. But he could still write, God is my witness, how I long for all of you with the affection of Christ Jesusyou, my brothers and sisters whom I love and long for (Phil 1:8). De physiog. Frst, Untersuchungen, 381, 407ff. He, like us, was an earthen vessel holding a treasure. Wherever Paul went, he drew the respect of those both above and under him. Peter He was beaten and whipped and stoned and imprisoned for the name of Christ. New Testament scholars . If only we can get a good job, if only we can finish school, if only we can get a good marriage or home, then we can be happy. Pharisees were very careful students of the Hebrew Bible, and Paul was able to quote extensively from the Greek translation. 22 See Cox, Biography in Late Antiquity, 1315; Evans, Physiognomies, 5354. 117.Google Scholar. His hope? In his heart. Even Lyman Abbott, a radically liberal scholar, conceded: The literary history of the world furnishes no parallel to the influence exerted by the writings of Paul, except such as is afforded by the history of the Bible in which those writings are found (1898, 1). Amidst the mystery of this passage, a few facts seem plain. Pharisees believed in life after death, which was one of Pauls deepest convictions. To suggest that Paul was the epitome of humility is not to affirm that he was a pushover and a compromiser of truth. Actually, the letters in many instances were only a stop-gap; Paul implicitly hoped to meet his communities again, at which time he would try to handle problems with greater polish and study, and with a charitable, frank exchange of opinions. The return of the Lord and the resurrection of the dead, St. Pauls Contributions to the New Testament, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle, World History Encyclopedia - Paul the Apostle, EWTN - Saint Paul, Apostle to the Gentiles, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Saul of Tarsus (known as Paul, the Apostle of the Heathen), Saint Paul the Apostle - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Paul - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), First Letter of Paul to the Thessalonians, Second Letter of Paul to the Thessalonians. What is meant by my first defense? They refused to yield to the heretical cliqueeven for a moment (v. 5, ESV; cf. He persecuted believers with a vengeance. More specifically, Paul states that he saw the Lord (1 Corinthians 9:1), though Acts claims that near Damascus he saw a blinding bright light. Tradition says he was beheaded. It is hard for us today to understand fully the impact that moment had forever in his life and psychology. Rahab Paul did not boast over his accomplishments before becoming a Christian; nor did he describe his physical appearance. The thought of Pauls patience may not readily enter ones mind due to his more dominant qualities that easily engage ones attention. Paul went blind, quite a trial! He observed as well that no single event, apart from the Christ-event itself, has proved so determinant for the course of Christian history as the conversion and commissioning of Paul (1977, 75). Biblical Figures. He further commented that Pauls epistles are more richly rewarding than that of any other writereither ancient or modern (1977, 15). Somehow, likely under the Hand of Providence (v. 15), the servant had come into contact with the noble apostle to the Gentiles, and Paul converted him (v. 10). They sought to deprive the Jerusalem Christians of their legitimate liberty in Christ and bring them into the bondage of the Mosaic regime. We complain about the little trials we face, and we think everything is against us in this world. Alba I. Zizzamia; Milwaukee: Bruce, 1953) 15159.Google Scholar. It was agreed that Peter would be the principal apostle to Jews and Paul the principal apostle to Gentiles. ), Der Apostel Paulus: II. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Presently, certain men from Judea arrived. Did Christ Undermine His Own Credibility? This is where you get your feelings hurt, get offended, get angry or jealous, and so on. He also was disrespectful of the high priest (Acts 23:3). Perhaps he might extend grace to those who have not been as valiant as they could have been ideally. He calls himself "of the people of Israel.". Some clearly wanted to demand that Titus, a Greek, submit to circumcision. Paul is the representative Christian schoolman of his time. Pauls motivations are unknown, but they seem not to have been connected to his Pharisaism. In assembling an approximate chronology of the apostles labor, Ramsay calculated that Paul was converted around A.D. 34, and likely was executed at Rome about A.D. 67. All rights reserved. Samuel He is prac-ticed in analysis and argument. Frst, Untersuchungen, 409 n. 82; Evans, Physiognomics, 4445, 51. Widely educated, he had made the choice to be a member of the strictest form of the Pharisees. In doing this, he was a radical. We encounter Paul as an ancient Mediterranean personality and watch him operate in a social environment where honor, shame . On the one hand, Paul sat in Jerusalem at the feet of Gamaliel, the greatest Jewish teacher of the first-century A.D. From this man Paul would have learned the most abstruse meanings of Jewish tradition and the varied and complicated methods of Jewish interpretation of their Scriptures. this helps us promote a safe and accountable online community, and allows us to update you when other commenters reply to your posts. When you register, youll get unlimited access to our website and a free subscription to our email newsletter for daily updates with a smart, Catholic take on faith and culture from, Were sorry registration isn't working smoothly for you. I have discussed this text in my book, Before I DiePauls Letters to Timothy and Titus, and for convenience sake, reproduce that material here. St. Peter the Apostle, original name Simeon or Simon, (died 64 ce, Rome [Italy]), disciple of Jesus Christ, recognized in the early Christian church as the leader of the 12 disciples and by the Roman Catholic Church as the first of its unbroken succession of popes. If this dating is fairly accurate, the apostles earthly life and labors spanned some thirty-three years. 8. The emperor Nero was rumored to have set the blaze to cover his own ineptness as an administrator. His conscience didnt allow him to stand by and do nothing. Phlegmatics do not lack for friends because they enjoy people and have a naturally dry sense of humor that others enjoy. From this it may be inferred that he was born about the same time as Jesus (c. 4 bce) or a little later. Bruce stated that he had spent more time studying the works of Paul than any other writer of antiquity. Among the New Testament writings are eight letters written to communities Paul founded (he did not found the church at Rome). Patient The thought of Paul's patience may not readily enter one's mind due to his more dominant qualities that easily engage one's attention. I myself am an apostle of Christ, and not a whit behind any of the others [cf. Conversion (Acts 9) Paul was a zealous persecutor of Christianity. 37:26-28), gather all Jews back to the Land of Israel (Isa. The Pharisees (Separated Ones) emerged from the Jewish struggles nearly 200 years before Paul, after the long-lasting and successful revolt of the Maccabees to free Israel and, later, the lapse of the Jewish ruling authority (once free from foreign domination) into secularism. In Romans 15:1617 Paul seems to interpret the offering of the Gentiles symbolically, suggesting that it is the prophesied Gentile pilgrimage to the Temple of Jerusalem, with their wealth in their hands (e.g., Isaiah 60:16). A little late to send "kudus" for you article. Greek influence can also be perceived in early Christian reflections on the physical appearance of Paul. The Jews opposed him every step of the way, often stirring up riots, throwing him in prison, getting help from the local authorities in persecuting Paul and his companions, and forcing them from town to town. Character Study E-book Study Guide We can learn much from this remarkable man; may we exert the courage and energy to apply ourselves to his schoolroom of instruction. Endurance- Paul faced continual opposition to his goal of sharing the gospel and building churches. Plato Rep. 5.474D; Pollux Onom. Though we say that he is promoting a doctrine, not himself, he can still leave unfriendly impressions upon his readers, appearing pompous, cantankerous, superior, harsh and even a misunderstanding son of the presumptions of his culture. Samson The seven undoubted letters constitute the best source of information on Pauls life and especially his thought; in the order in which they appear in the New Testament, they are Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon. For some he was Paul the tentmaker. vet. His looming fate seems fairly certain in his mind (2 Timothy 4:6). Incredibly, they were teaching a Judaistic gospel, namely that unless one submits to the Hebrew rite of circumcision, in addition to the fundamentals of the gospel, he cannot be saved (Acts 15:1). Jonathan Notice how fast he is baptized and starts proclaiming Jesus. He was a missionary to the Gentiles, yet deeply loved his brethren. Paul called these Christians the saints, but he struggled mightily to make them so. But when one reads or hears what Paul wrote, one often meets a personality that can seem unpleasant or even antagonizing. He would have become very adept at arguing over the significance of scriptural texts. 1 Corinthians 9:12). Hence the investigative party was dispatched to the holy city. Author of. Noah Paul at the end was single-minded, whether in serving God or loving his neighbor. They feel much more emotion though than appears on the surface. Wonderful account of the transformation from Saul to Paul ! He did not, however, abandon his passion for a just world. The Nice Guy is just that, a nice guy. 14:12-20) Paul never tried to get credit or glory for himself. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He was the spiritual leader of many far-flung churches and trained pastors and elders to oversee those churches. His epistles (letters) have had enormous influence on Christian theology, especially on the relationship between God the Father and Jesus, and on the mystical human relationship with the divine. Protective of his fledgling churches, encouraging, correcting, making decisions for them, guiding them and rejoicing with themall of this in Pauls letters flows from his status as a founder of what he refused to lose. But the apostle rose up (a hint, perhaps, of a miraculous recovery). He was all that and more. religious corporation as defined under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. View all Google Scholar citations What courage this required on the part of the battered apostle. God miraculously intervened in his life to save him. 12 Ramsay, Church in the Roman Empire, 381ff. God sends trials into our lives for a purpose. 2 Acta Pauli et Theclae 3 (AAA; reprinted Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1959) 1.Google Scholar 237 lines 69. In the late 50s Paul returned to Jerusalem with the money he had raised and a few of his Gentile converts. 29 E.g., Pindar Isthm 3.53; cf. Password reset instructions will be sent to your registered email address. Your source for jobs, books, retreats, and much more. St. Paul the Apostle, original name Saul of Tarsus, (born 4 bce ?, Tarsus in Cilicia [now in Turkey]died c. 62-64 ce, Rome [Italy]), one of the leaders of the first generation of Christians, often considered to be the most important person after Jesus in the history of Christianity. Paul was a small man, not handsome and not a great orator. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. How many books of the Bible did St. Paul write? As a frequent reader of our website, you know how important Americas voice is in the conversation about the church and the world. Later Christian tradition favours the view that he was executed there (1 Clement 5:17), perhaps as part of the executions of Christians ordered by the Roman emperor Nero following the great fire in the city in 64 ce. He wouldnt leave the prison in peace when he was wrongfully jailed with Silas, wanting an apology (Acts 16:37). Many of his ministry methods are still followed today. 1. Paul and John represent the two most distinctive types of apostolic doctrine. Paperback Book You can alsoorder a paperback version of the Character Studies book from Amazon. 8. There they encountered a man who had been crippled all his life. He wrote much of the New Testament, giving us fundamental doctrines and teachings. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Paul may be compared to an "alabaster box of precious ointment" the box is valuable, but the ointment is more precious. 9. The term apologeia clearly seems to refer to a legal proceeding. 34 See also Ps.-Lucian Philopatris 12, which describes Paul as having receding hair; cf. John J. Kilgallen, S.J., is a professor of New Testament at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome. 14 NT Apoc, 2.34849; Schneemelcher, W., Die Apostelgeschichte des Lukas und die Acta Pauli, in Eltester, W. and Kettler, F. H., eds., Apophoreta: Festschrift fr Ernst Haenchen (BZNW 30; Berlin: Tpelmann, 1964) 23650.Google Scholar. Biblical Figures. Christianity. Contentment (Acts 16:19-31, Philippians 4:11-13, 2 Corinthians 11:23-28) Paul faced more persecutions and difficulties than any other believer in history that I can think of. It only follows that apostles, to whom much is given, must also become low, gentle, humble and serve. Even other Jewish believers were sometimes against him for some of his teachings. He was the spiritual leader of many far-flung churches and trained pastors and elders to oversee those churches. And Jesus impressed Himself so deeply in the "great light" on the mind of Paul that ever afterwards, whichever way the apostle looked, he always perceived the reflection of Christ. British Catholics will attend a coronation for the first time since the Reformation. Quick, deeply perceptive, highly intellectual, impatient or unaware that others could not keep up with himPaul had many of the attributes we associate with genius. Philemon 18). Hezekiah Never mind though; the cause of Jesus was paramount. First, there is the matter of the historical context. It is worth noting that Paul was also a mentor and guide to Titus and Timothy; to them, too, he sent three letters. He did not compromise Gods Word. myers briggs bible characters FINAL.jpg. (It was fairly easy for a bright, ambitious young boy to memorize the Bible, and it would have been very difficult and expensive for Paul as an adult to carry around dozens of bulky scrolls.) Joseph step-father of Jesus 1:16-18). 43 p. 112, 1315 Nachmannson); Schol. He visited approximately fifty cities in his evangelistic endeavors (McRay 2003, 11). Paul begged Philemon to forgive this wayward soul who had been so unprofitable, but who now has been transformed into a precious, profitable treasure (v. 11). This, of course, describes Paul before the Damascus Road experience. This is where your personality lives and operates from. 7. 2 Timothy 4:6-8, Acts 20:24). There, Onesiphorus sees Paul as a man small of stature, with a bald head and crooked legs, in a good state of body, with eyebrows meeting and nose somewhat hooked, full of friendliness; for now he appeared like a man, and now he had the face of an angel., 1 The material is conveniently gathered by von Dobschtz, E., Der Apostel Paulus: II. St. Paul the Apostle, original name Saul of Tarsus, (born 4 bce?, Tarsus in Cilicia [now in Turkey]died c. 6264 ce, Rome [Italy]), one of the leaders of the first generation of Christians, often considered to be the most important person after Jesus in the history of Christianity. Onesimus had made his way to the refuge of the crowded imperial city.Apparently the vagabond had wronged his master in some fashionperhaps taking money from him, or rendering some other form of evil (cf. Paul the Apostle was an ENTJ personality type. According to the Jewish Mishnah (Sanhedrin 6:1-4), a stoning victim was substantially stripped of his clothes, thrown from an elevated place twice the height of a human person, positioned with his heart upward, and huge rocks were then dropped (or thrown) upon him until he was dead (Arnold 2002, 276; Boismard 1992, 209). The apostle Thomas is often referred to as "Doubting Thomas" because he refused to believe that Jesus had risen from the dead until he saw and touched Christ's physical wounds. According to the introduction to personality types written by Isabel Briggs Myers, the attributes of the ENTJ include: Frankness, decisiveness, assuming leadership readily Quickly seeing illogical and inefficient procedures and policies Developing and implementing comprehensive systems to solve organizational problems Perhaps God has a steady home, job, and marriage planned for us, but if He doesnt, we should still follow Him wholeheartedly. Gave all glory to God (cf. Bieler, ANHP, 50 n. 1; Grant, R. M., The Description of Paul in the Acts of Paul and Thecla, VC 36 (1982) 1.Google Scholar, 20 Translation by J. M. Edmonds, Elegy and Iambus (LCL 2. What little is known about Paul the Pharisee reflects the character of the Pharisaic movement. See Philippians 3:3-14. Ezra He knew how to give a good defense to others. Most of these Christians were adult converts, who inevitably entered Christianity with the baggage of years of false worship and immorality. There was no petition for mercy on behalf of such a one. He gave it all to God. Biblical Figures. Mordecai and Haman Pauls education was lengthy and profound, a measure for his genius; it was also exceptionally broad. Extremely zealous follower of Judaism (Php 3:5-6). Copyright 2023 America Press Inc. | All Rights Reserved. Special traits: (1) Poor eyesight? Therefore dont give up praying for and witnessing to your families and friends, even if it seems hopeless. At his coronation, King Charles will reaffirm his Protestant identity, and while he has included other faiths in the ceremony, Catholics in Britain wish for more inclusion, especially given the country's past conflicts with them. Even in a dirty, filthy jail, he was singing praises to God! Less well known to most students of early Christianity than the literary evidence are the artistic representations of Paul, but the curious literary portrait of Paul in the Acts of Paul and Thecla, which in some respects agrees with early Christian paintings, is well known. But what defense? hasContentIssue false, Copyright President and Fellows of Harvard College 1986. To the weak I became weak, that I might gain the weak: I am become all things to all men, that I may by all means save some. But as he prayed in the temple, the Lord appeared to him and told of the immediate plan to send his apostle far hence unto the Gentiles (22:21). He was able to do this because he walked with Christ and showed compassion and respect to others. This unpleasant situation does have a couple of happy footnotes. Had many of these been martyred already? 6. Only the object of intensity and devotion changed, not the psychology or characteristics that Paul already possessed. He came from Tarsus near the Northeast shore of the Mediterranean. Certainly no assistance could be expected from the anti-Paul faction in Rome (cf. They lead from a solid core of kindness. Paul was a small man, not handsome and not a great orator. To understand these letters well, one must understand the circumstances that led Paul to compose them, for this will help to appreciate their tone. 59 (1969) 5158Google Scholar; Cox, Patricia, Biography in Late Antiquity: A Quest for the Holy Man (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983) 1415Google Scholar; Reitzenstein, R., Hellenistische Wndererzhlungen (reprinted Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1963) 39Google Scholar; Bieler, L., ANHP (reprinted Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1967) 1. Whatever his reasons, Pauls persecutions probably involved traveling from synagogue to synagogue and urging the punishment of Jews who accepted Jesus as the messiah. 1w2. F.F. Jesus miraculously intervened in his life to save him and transform him completely. (2) Unimpressive appearance (2 Co 10:10). 25 Cf. One has to appreciate the tension that Paul allowed himself to live with throughout his missionary life, as he tried to preserve and help to grow what he rightly knew was good and of God and should not die. 38 Ps.-Aristotle Physiog. } We must learn to be content in our present situation before we can expect to be content in a future situation. Usually they are kind-hearted and sympathetic but they seldom convey their true feelings. Eventually, he was martyred. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Boaz To settle the issue, Paul returned to Jerusalem and struck a deal. which is her secondary type. Paul never had any doubt about what he wanted to be or do. 4w5. The others come from followers writing in his name, who often used material from his surviving letters and who may have had access to letters written by Paul that no longer survive. Which personality type was Paul the Apostle? His birthplace, Tarsus, was a major city in eastern Cilicia, a region that had been made part of the Roman province of Syria by the time of Pauls adulthood. 3. Noah . On the initial missionary campaign with Barnabas (Acts 13:4ff), these brothers came to the city of Lystra in Asia Minor. Paul had a unique sense of Christian apostleship. Copyright 2012 -2022|Study and ObeyAll Rights Reserved|, https://studyandobey.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Pauls-First-Missionary-Journey-1.mp4, https://studyandobey.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Pauls-Second-Missionary-Journey.mp4, https://studyandobey.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Pauls-Third-Missionary-Journey.mp4. Paul was not one of the many whose practice is inconsistent with their teaching. A self-proclaimed lover of the Law and a Pharisee, enforcer of the "right way," even to the point of murder. It is not too much to say that the personality profile of a Pharisee was capped by total commitment, an unbending interest only in the Law and its traditions. 6. . He learned and then taught; undeterred by persecution, he defended and offered Christ to anyone who would listen. Though it is important to avoid caricatures, it seems safe to say that the Psalms portray the Jewish people as emotionalhighly, visibly so. After Paul and Barnabas had completed their missionary campaign in Asia Minor, they settled for a while in Antioch of Syria. Spirit-Led, not led his own thoughts and plans (22). Your donation gift(s) are very much appreciated and may qualify as a charitable deduction for federal income tax purposes. 37 See the textual variants in Vouaux, Les Actes, 150 n. 6. But then, it was not himself he was selling.
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