Analysis of QTL for needle length in Chinese jujube. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Sci. In vitro plantlets were obtained from the stem segments of root suckers in 198398. Su, C., Liu, X., Yan, C., Bai., X. The seedling rate of young embryos <30 days after flowering (before the abortion peak) was increased from 3.7 to 40%89. Consequently, the costs of cultivation and management for jujube are significantly lower than those for other common fruit trees. Bot. The combination of artificial drying, mechanical cleaning, and automatic sorting can significantly improve the appearance of commercial fruit, increase production efficiency and economic benefits, and reduce losses after harvest. Univ.21, 8691 (1999). & Liu, M. Genetic diversity and structure of 255 cultivars of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. The tissue culture of jujube began in 1978. Effects of controlled atmosphere storage and calcium treatment on the storage of Chinese jujube in fresh state. High-efficiency management systems for the main diseases and pests in jujube mentioned above have been established in China3,46,103. Agrofor Syst 55:125137, Garca-Barrios L, Ong CK (2004) Ecological interactions in simultaneous agroforestry systems in the tropics: management lessons. Dongzao. var. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. These factors included the culture media, inoculation methods, removal or maintenance of the seed coat, combination of growth regulators, and concentrations of lactalbumin hydrolysate, activated carbon, and sucrose86,87,88. Research objectives should be more advanced and diversified. 2). Chen, Y. This species, 7.6 to 9 metres (25 to 30 feet) high, has alternate, three-veined, elliptical to ovate leaves 2.5 to 7.6 cm (1 to 3 inches) long. J. PLoS Genet.12, e1006433 (2016). Yao, S. Past, present, and future of jujubesChinese dates in the United States. The fruit is also a rich source of polysaccharides, triterpenic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and pigments3,4,11. Cross-breeding, the most powerful breeding method for fruit trees, has not been successfully utilized in jujube. 2014). Meanwhile, the expansion of the MDHAR gene family contributes to AsA regeneration. It takes ~1 month for natural drying or air drying to be complete, while the time required can be reduced to 1 day or even less with artificial drying. Within Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng, three forms were confirmed, namely, f. granulata Cheng et Liu, f. trachysperma Cheng et Liu, and f. infecunda Cheng et Liu. Liu, M. Chinese jujube: botany and horticulture. Based on the main contents of jujube research, the landmark achievements and the supporting role for jujube industry development, this period can be further subdivided into three stages3the period of recovery after World War II (19491978), the period of accelerating development (19791999), and the period of comprehensive development (20002019). It is expected to become one of the most promising fruit trees in the arid and semiarid regions of the world. The overall objective should be to meet the various needs of farmers, processers, marketers and consumers. Chen et al. Ecol Eng 29:319328, Imo M, Timmer VR (2002) Growth and nutritional interactions of nutrient-loaded black spruce seedlings with greenhouse natural vegetation under greenhouse conditions. Yan, X., Wang, W., Liu, M., & Zhao, Z. The small yellow flowers are followed by dark brown, round to oblong fruits the size of small plums. Second, jujube fruits can satisfactorily meet the various needs of consumers. Sci.21, 414418 (2004). Research results should be more original and advanced. Sci.24, 487491 (2007). Shi, Q., Liu, P., Liu, M., Wang, J. Rep.7, 1025 (2017). Chen, Z., Wang, R., Qi, S., Wang, C. & Yan, H. Preliminary studies on the storage of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill) in fresh state II. J. Hortic. & Zhang, P. Study on respiration type of different cultivars of Chinese jujube fruit. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. heteroformis Hort., Z. jujuba Mill. J. Shanxi Agric. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Liu, D., Ye, X. Sci. (China Forestry Publishing House, 2013). Discovery and identification of natural triploid ploidy of Chinese jujube cultivar Pingguozao. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in The fruit can be stored and transported easily. It has a very low chilling requirement and is suitable for protected cultivation. Yan, F. Large-scale Creation and Hereditary Variation of Hybrids in Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus Jujuba Mill.). It has unique branch and bud characteristics, i.e., usually only the primary shoots can extend, the dormant buds have a very long life, the secondary shoots die back naturally each, the mother-bearing shoots can only extend by ~1mm per year, and the bearing shoots fall off in the fall. Its fruit is smooth and bright, like a large red pearl. (5) Macroscopic research on jujube is still quite weak, and the existing studies in nontraditional fields such as ecological and cultural studies and the integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries are insufficient. The major requirements to meet farmers needs are reducing inputs, increasing output and accelerating economic returns. & Dai, Li. Analysis of Bioactive Components and Extraction Technique of Wax in Jujube. Qu, Z., Li, S., Wu, Y., Sun, P. & Hu, J. Genetic diversity and population structure of sour jujube, Ziziphus acidojujuba. Biotechnol.83, 305308 (2008). Sin.33, 687 (2006). This work was supported by grants from the Significant Fund of Hebei Province Natural Science Foundation (grant number C2017204114), the National Science and Technology Support Plan of China (2019YFD1001605), the National Ten Thousand Talents Plan Leadership Project, and the Beijing Municipal Education Commission (CEFF-PXM2019_014207_000099). Acta Hortic. It only takes 10 days to differentiate flowers whenever there is new shoot growth1. In addition, other books such as Descriptors and Data Standards for Jujube Germplasm56, Test Guidelines for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stabilityjujube57, Technical Regulators for the Identification of Jujube Cultivars-SSR Marker Method provide references and technical standards for character selection, data collection, testing, and identification in jujube germplasm studies. Sci. Agric. Further studies indicated that GLDH and MDHAR are the crucial genes in jujube AsA synthesis and recycling, respectively27. The evapotranspiration of jujube root zone was calcu lated by water . Based on a systematic analysis of the unique characteristics of jujube, we suggest that it deserves to be recognized as a superfruit. & Liu, M. Embryo abortion and young embryo culture of Chinese jujube. Planting: Dig a hole big enough to accommodate the root system. Solar greenhouses along hillsides facing the sun in the Taihang Mountains of Hebei Province have the advantages of lower investment costs, better sunlight, and much better heat retaining properties than a traditional greenhouse by using the mountain as the back wall of the greenhouses107. Review of researches on Chinese date high yield cultural theory and techniques. Univ. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 6177, Atkinson D, Johnson MG, Mattam D, Mercer ER (1978) The effect of orchard soil management on the uptake of nitrogen by established apple trees. Plant J.2, 147153 (2016). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology (2022), Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants (2022), Horticulture Research (Hortic Res) Xie, W., Ding, C. & Song, Y. Jujube Witches' Broom Disease (JWB), caused by phytoplasma, is the most destructive disease of Chinese jujube. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Zhao, Z. et al. Hudinai, M., Liu, M., Veberic, R., Stamper, F. & Colaria, M. Phenolic compounds in the fruit of different varieties of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). This practice could lead to soil water depletion. At present, there are two opposing viewpoints about the respiratory type of jujube fruit, i.e., climacteric or nonclimacteric, even for the same cultivar (Dongzao)116,117,118. We would like to thank Mr. Robert Heyduck from New Mexico State University for his review of this paper before submission. The central and local governments encouraged jujube growing via legislation to increase farmer incomes and improve the environment. It is a medicine/food homolog and a famous commonly used traditional Chinese medicine that is used in ~50% of Chinese herbal medicine prescriptions. It is distributed in at least 48 countries on all continents except Antarctica and is becoming increasingly important, especially in arid and semiarid marginal lands. 41, 8285 (2005). The development of the jujube industry and jujube research promoted each other during this period, and support from science and technology to the jujube industry has continuously increased. Genome-wide characterization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in Chinese jujube and jujube SSR primer transferability. & Li, X. Genome-wide identification of AP2/ERF superfamily genes and their expression during fruit ripening of Chinese jujube. Grades of Fresh Chinese Jujube Fruit (Standards Press of China, 2008). For fresh eating jujubes, it was found that promoting the lignification of bearing shoots through extremely heavy pruning may accelerate fruiting, increase yield and result in larger fruit109. Genome-wide identification, characterization of the MADS-box gene family in Chinese jujube and their involvement in flower development. In this agroforestry system, the jujube trees are grown simultaneously with cotton for 180-200 days. var. Based on the classical taxonomic system, jujube is listed in the Rhamnaceae family, Rhamnales order63. (8) International exchange and cooperation: enhancing global jujube research, production, and marketing; promoting more international research, including multicountry, multisite variety, and technology testing, within bilateral agreements and especially with the help of the Jujube Working Group of the International Society for Horticultural Sciences. Chem. Google Scholar. Benefiting from late bud sprouting (~20 days later than peach), late flowering (June in North China) and a 2-month flowering period, jujube avoids late frosts and biennial bearing. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Ashton PS (2000) Ecological theory of diversity and its applications to mixed species plantation systems. Sci. & Liu, M. Expression stabilities of candidate reference genes for RT-qPCR in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Sin.26, 302308 (1999). Cymosiflora Cheng et Liu and Ser. as rootstock can also play a role in the prevention of witches broom in jujube in southern China97. Plant Soil 227:149161, Article Resour.12, 539545 (2011). Shandong Fruits17, 13 (1985). Based on the challenges facing the jujube industry, we discuss eight research aspects to be focused on in the future. Many reports on fresh fruit preservation techniques in jujube have been published. Liu, P., Peng, J., Peng, S., Zhou, J. The basic ideas for jujube research in the future are as follows: serve the producers, consumers, marketers, government, and society at the same time; learn from experiences with other fruit trees; align with modern global agricultural development, including the reduction of chemical pesticides and environmentally friendly approaches153; carry out innovative research in various fields, multiple levels, and through whole industrial chains; and strongly support the advancement of science and technology for the jujube industry in the new era. & Liu, G. Phylogenetic analysis of 25 plant species representing 19 angiosperm families and one gymnosperm family based on 390 orthologous genes. When I planted my Jujube as a bare root tree, I chopped it down to knee height about 2 feet tall and it finished the summer around 9 feet. Acta Hortic. Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z. et al. Method 2: A self-fruitless or self-sterile variety is chosen as the female parent, and a variety with high pollen viability and compatibility is chosen as the male parent. Changing host photosynthetic, carbohydrate and energy metabolisms play important roles in phytoplasma infection. Commun.42, 221224 (2006). J. Ningxia Agric. B Hortic.LXIII, 1724 (2019). A further cluster analysis of isoenzymes, palynology, and DNA showed that some jujube cultivars and sour jujube genotypes were usually clustered together instead of being totally separated58,59,60, indicating that there are probably several evolutionary pathways from sour jujube to jujube. Roman. It can blossom and even bear fruit in the same year as planting or grafting and can achieve high yields 35 years after the establishment of an orchard under a high-density planting system. volume87,pages 929939 (2013)Cite this article. Genom.11, 809 (2015). 7. The second is Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube10, which recorded 1033 accessions of jujube (Z. jujuba Mill. The classification system for the Ziziphus genus was proposed based on field investigations, textual research on specimens and historical documents65. J. Hebei Agric. An evolutionary divergence analysis of jujube, pear and Prunus mume found that the 4DTv (fourfold synonymous third-codon transversion) rate of jujube peaked at only 0.50, suggesting that no recent whole-genome duplication had occurred in jujube12. Agrofor Syst 43:534, Schroth G, Zech W (1995) Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics in a sole cropping and an alley cropping system with Gliricidia sepium in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone of West Africa. In addition, due to the economic decline of the comparative benefits of jujube, jujube witches broom is becoming serious again in orchards due to poor management. showed that the percentage of healthy fruit and the edible rate of Dongzao jujube stored at 2C for 100 days were 7.4% and 20.2% higher than those of jujube stored at 0C125. At present, the jujube industry in China has entered a new era of transformation, upgrading, and globalization150,151. I've heard horror stories of the roots actually damaging water pipes to get to a water source. Dongzao. Sci.19, 336339 (2002). Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Liu, Z. et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in In addition, Hebei Agricultural University collected and preserved ~200 accessions of sour jujube germplasm and some other species of the Ziziphus genus, such as Z. mauritiana Lam., Z. spina-christi Willd, and Z. nummularia Burm. Research status of jujube processing technology at home and abroad. & Meng, X. Actuality and development of jujube grader. However, green shoot cuttings (semilignified primary extension shoots, secondary shoots, and bearing shoots) root much more easily and have a high reproductive coefficient. Li, D., Niu, X. var. The book Qi Min Yao Shu of the Northern Wei Dynasty that was written 1500 years ago recorded the techniques of cultivar selection, planting, flower thinning, girdling, and jujube paste processing. The fruits are smaller and not so sweet. M.L., J.W., L.W., S.Y., and F.S. Agrofor Syst 80:117129, Droppelmann KJ, Ephrath JE, Berliner PR (2000) Tree/crop complementarity in an arid zone runoff agroforestry system in northern Kenya. Fruit. Sci. Given the demands of the new era, the development tendencies of the modern fruit industry and the new technologies available, jujube research in China is facing a series of important challenges. In addition, the International Cultivar Registration Center for the Ziziphus genus was established in 2014 at the Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University under the authorization of the International Society of Horticultural Sciences. To estimate these risks . Acta Hortic. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. To perform nutritional analysis and intensive processing on jujube, efficient extraction and determination methods were established and optimized for 23 kinds of nutrient components (7 vitamins, 3 triterpenic acids, 8 amino acids, aromatics, cAMP, polysaccharides, flavonoids, and pigments) in jujube54,136,137,138,139,140,141,142. Moreover, at the end of the Shang Dynasty, the description of Jujube picked in August in the Book of Songs indicated that jujube orchards had appeared by at least 3000 YA. Content variation of water soluble polysaccharides during fruit development in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). fruits in China. A strategy combining WGS sequencing, BAC-to-BAC and WGS-PCR-free library was employed to address the impact of the high complexity of the jujube genome, which has a high heterozygosity of 1.90%, a low GC content of 33.41% and a high density of simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) (378.1 per Mb). & Liu, M. Callus induction and plant regeneration from anther walls in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Hao, Z., Dai, L., Wang, J., Wu, X. A taxonomic study on Chinese jujube and wild jujube. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Hebei Agricultural Universtiy, Baoding (2008). Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding (2017). Field Crop Res 100:249256, Ding SS, Su PX (2010) Effects of tree shading on maize crop within a poplar-maize compound system in Hexi Corridor oasis, northwestern China. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Approximately 1500 YA (the Northern Wei Dynasty), Jia Simiao wrote a famous agricultural book called Qi Min Yao Shu that not only recorded 45 jujube cultivars but also described cultivar selection breeding, orchard site selection, planting times and methods, flower thinning, girdling, harvesting, and jujube paste processing. The cultivation of fresh jujubes in plastic shelters has resulted in great success in rainy southern China108; this method can greatly reduce the fruit cracking caused by rain at the maturity stage from 70 to <10%. Plant Genet. Converting dehydroascorbic acid to AsA (vitamin C) resolved the bottleneck problem in the determination of dehydroascorbic acid, and accurate determination methods for the two kinds of vitamin C in jujube were finalized141,143. cv. China Fruits6, 5153 (2017). In addition, triploids of Jinsixiaozao, Yuanlingzao, and Changhongzao have been created by endosperm culture, but no new cultivar has been released82. For successful grafting there are five important requirements: Acta Hortic. Fruit. Jinsixiaozao hort. anucleatus Y. G. Chen). var. Liu, M. & Cheng, C. A taxonomy study on the genus Ziziphus. Agrofor Syst 50:116, Friday JB, Fownes JH (2002) Competition for light between hedgerows and maize in an alley cropping system in Hawaii, USA. var. The fourth-generation technique is to induce polyploidy by treating in vivo calluses induced on branch cuts with colchicine, which could eliminate the severe mixoploidy formation from traditional polyploid breeding and directly produce pure polyploid shoots (Fig. & Tian, C. Study on the effect of the different heating processes on the quality of the Chinese date. This period has not yet ended, and there is still a long way to go before establishing a modern technology system for jujube. The roots of other species however will occasionally send up suckers, or shoots, that grow up and through the soil to develop if undisturbed into fully-grown plants with their own root system. Among them, stimulating sucker propagation by cutting off the roots at the periphery of the vertical projection of the canopy and separating fasciculate suckers can increase the reproductive coefficient, while gathering and nurturing the suckers in a nursery can greatly improve the quality of the root system. They don't have much need for fertilizers, and just some mulching with organic matter will do an excellent job of feeding your Jujube tree once it's a few years old. (2) High-efficiency breeding technology systems for optimizing and upgrading the cultivar and rootstock structure: integrating the precise identification and utilization of excellent germplasm and the comprehensive application of innovative breeding approaches with rapid evaluation and screening methods; establishing high-efficiency propagation systems for transplant shock-free large nursery plants by integrating the use of containerized seedling production, industrial tissue culture rapid propagation, and micrografting153; registering, protecting and promoting newly released varieties worldwide; and including the top varieties in Club propagation, production, and commercialization systems, following experience in apple, kiwi fruit, etc. Li, R., Li, X., Huang, J. According to a comprehensive investigation, more than 100 pests and diseases have been observed in jujube1. Four generations of polyploid induction techniques using colchicine as the main mutagen have been developed for jujube, i.e., in vivo apical bud induction71, in vitro apical or lateral bud induction72, in vitro callus/embryo induction73 and in vivo callus induction74. Fourth, jujube can satisfactorily meet the concerns and needs of the government and the public. South Univ. Agric. Sin.36, 196200 (2003). Ningxia University, Yinchuan (2016). Perdurans; only jujube and sour jujube originating from China and Z. lotus L., native to the Mediterranean, belong to Section Ziziphus due to their deciduous bearing shoots. Agric. Dried Chinese Jujubes (Standards Press of China, 2009). Liu, Z. et al. The fruit is particularly rich in nutrients, and its contents of sugar, vitamin C and B, cyclic nucleotide, proline, triterpenic acid, potassium, iron, and zinc are the highest among many fruits9,10 (Table 2). In this latest period, research achievements have been very fruitful. PLoS ONE10, e0134519 (2015). PubMedGoogle Scholar, Zhang, W., Ahanbieke, P., Wang, B.J. Solar greenhouse cultivation techniques for table cultivars of Chinese jujube in Taihang mountain area. Ideally, their root system wants to be kept slightly moist, but not wet. Du, X., Li, D., Wang, Y., Sui, C. & Fan, B. To date, a total of ~930 jujube genotypes have been preserved, accounting for at least 90% of the total jujube genotypes in the world. Dongzao). Commun.5, 5315 (2014). Sci.32, 12531257 (2015). Technol.37, 916 (2017). Wang, X., Shao, J., Zhang, X., Peng, S. & Wang, Y. indicated that jujube was sensitive to CO2 and that fruit browning occurred quickly under the conditions of 10% CO2120. Agrofor Syst 13:143158, Reyes T, Quiroz R, Luukkanen O (2009) Spice crop agroforestry systems in the east Usambara Mountain, Tanzania: growth analysis. The male sterility and kernelless traits are controlled by homozygous recessive genes, and some QTL loci of quantitative traits have also been identified92,93,94,95. Moreover, they cannot be adapted to large-scale, mechanized, and labor-saving operations in the future, nor can they meet the demands for high-quality, safe, and high-end products. Springer, Berlin, Book Agric Water Manag 87:6172, Rao MR, Sharma MM, Ong CK (1990) A study of the potential of hedge row intercropping in semi-arid India using a two-way systematic design. Sci. Jujube Tree Roots. Effects of drying methods on changes of Vc, reducing sugar and total acidity in Chinese jujube. Aims Planting density is a major factor during the conversion of cropland to woodland in the semiarid hilly region of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Shanxi. affirmed Ziziphus (rather than Zizyphus), Z. jujuba Mill. Mingxin Guo, Zhongren Zhang, Xusheng Zhao, Vance M. Whitaker, Steven J. Knapp, Sujeet Verma, Amy F. Iezzoni, Jim McFerson, Cameron Peace, Maria Jos Aranzana, Vronique Decroocq, Pere Ars, Weijian Zhuang, Hua Chen, Rajeev K. Varshney, Ratan Chopra, Evan B. Johnson, M. David Marks, Horticulture Research The problem of hybrids not being obtained due to heavy early embryo abortion was solved by embryo rescue based on the understanding of the mechanism of embryo abortion and the factors affecting very young embryo culture. Liu, Y. et al. Study on hyperspectral rapid detection of Vc content in Lingwu jujube. ), sour jujube (Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng) and Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana L.). The traditional production technology development period (end of Han DynastyNorthern Wei Dynasty, or 1 CE500 CE). From the 1950s to 1980s, the first nationwide jujube germplasm investigation was carried out; a total of 700 jujube cultivars and 30 wild sour jujube genotypes were determined through synonym and homonym identification and recorded in the book China Fruit Tree Records-Jujube1. Water and fertilizer are the two main factors which promote the rapid growth of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) trees. As to the original cultivation center of jujube, outside of China, Iran, and Japan had been regarded as candidates by some scholars outside China. Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding (2011). Liu, M. & Wang, J. Shi, Q. et al. Technol.33, 396402 (2015). Exp Agric 16:217228, Ong CK, Black CR, Marshall FM, Corlett JE (1996) Principles of resource capture and utilization of light and water. Yan, F. et al. tortuosa Hort., Z. jujuba Mill. PubMed Central Jujube fruit also has very positive meanings in Chinese culture, such as a sweet life, a flourishing business, fertility, harmony, and happiness. CAS Using the genome data, 511 pairs of SSR primers showing high polymorphism were screened and applied for the identification of large-scale hybrid progeny and a genetic diversity analysis18,19,20. Materials and methods. We can simulate the growth trend of the bearing jujube based on different length conditions and use L ( d) = l max 1 + e a - r d to calculate the length of the bearing jujube based on different growth days. Agrofor Syst 48:2540, Gruenewald H, Brandt BKV, Schneider BU, Bens O, Kendzia G, Huettl RF (2007) Agroforestry systems for the production of woody biomass for energy transformation purposes. Biotechnol.94, 123129 (2019). Zhao, A. et al. and Ziziphus acidojujuba Cheng et Liu as the proper scientific names for the jujube genus, the jujube and the sour jujube, respectively10,65,66,67,68,69. Rep.8, 15612 (2018). Jour. Genome-wide analysis of the bHLH gene family in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) 201003043-01)and by NSFC (Project No. jujuba accessions using microsatellite markers. Liu, M. et al. Wang, L. et al. Zhang, Z., Wei, T., Zhong, Y., Li, X. The raw fruits are high in vitamin C. Most are varieties of the common jujube (Z. jujuba), native to China, where they have been cultivated for more than 4,000 years. & Liu, M. Simultaneous determination of four water-soluble vitamins in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) J.W. Mengjun Liu. Ser. Google Scholar, Cao FL, Kimmins JP, Wang JR (2012) Competitive interactions in ginkgo and crop species mixed agroforestry systems in Jiangsu, China. J Sci Food Agric 30:129135, Article Res.17, 307313 (1999). Period. & Ma, Z. According to leaf fossils, jujube appeared in northern China 24 million years ago. Xue, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, P. & Wang, L. Effect of hypobaric storage on physiological and biochemical changes of Dong jujube fruit during cold storage. Liu, M. & Wang, M. Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube (China Forestry Publishing House, 2009). Li, D., Du, X., Wang, Y., Sui, C. & He, J. Callus induction and embryogenesis of Ziziphus jujuba cv. Our study was conducted to apply root pruning to test whether it can effectively inhibit the vigorous vegetative growth by regulating the competitive ability of the root system for water and nutrients. spinosa plants from leaf explants. Jujube can satisfactorily meet the diverse needs of growers, consumers, marketers, government, and society. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 2021 harley davidson snake venom paint,
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