Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.176, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.176. Variation of female and male lineages in sub-Saharan populations: the importance of sociocultural factors. [6][7][8][9] According to Wood et al. Since R1a-CTS1211 is not originally Germanic, it is likely that the Goths also brought a small but noticeable percentage of assimilated lineages from the Balkans, including E-V13 and J2b1 (I2a1b-CTS10228 would have come later from the East Slavic migrations from Ukraine during the Early Middle Ages, hence its absence from Italy, apart from a few coastal areas facing the Adriatic Sea). Jobling MA, Hurles ME, Tyler-Smith C : Human Evolutionary Genetics: Origins. [33] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. "We must make it very clear that the paternal Israelite lineage E1B1A is the most important lineage of the Israelites but we can include the maternal haplogroups of L2 and L3. It's typical of all E1b1b haplogroups, but E1b1a has instead 438=11 and only 2% of E1b1a samples have 438=10. The frequency of E subclades has varied geographically over time due to founder effects in Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age populations, i.e. For many years the vast majority of academics have assumed that E-V13 and other E1b1b lineages came to the Balkans from the southern Levant via Anatolia during the Neolithic, and that the high frequency of E-V13 was caused by a founder effect among the colonisers. Peaks among the Saho Saho . Article Nature 1995; 378: 376378. Further support for the EBSP origin from the Nigeria/Cameroon area comes from the observation that E1b1a component-haplogroup STR diversities are greater in West Africa than in either West-Central or East-Central Africa (Table 2). Underhill PA, Jin L, Lin AA et al. There are at least three distinct sources of E-V13 in Italy. The box identifies the E1b1a clade, exclusively observed in population groups with recent African ancestry. The samples were classified into groups primarily by cultural identity, first language spoken and then by place of collection. Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites:Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries. The third are the Goths. (Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2012) There is no backflow of E1b1a into North Africa until Trans Saharan slavery and that's in its mutated form of E1b1a7. The descendants of L791, Y2947 and Y4971, only appeared around 3500 BCE, during the Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic period. Whether these E-M78 samples came with Neolithic farmers from the Near East or were already present among Mesolithic Europeans is unclear at present. Sardinia is also the only part of Europe where Bronze Age Steppe ancestry is virtually absent. Steven Pinker is a Canadian experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist, and popular science author. Personally, I can't remember any study who detected E1b1a in that region during the BA or among the Natufians. 12-05-14, 06:53 #2. bicicleur. The remains of the great Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio (1571-1610) were excavated to confirm the circumstances of his mysterious death at the age of 38. What is surprising with E-V13 is that it is as common in R1a-dominant as in R1b-dominant countries. Searching for the roots of the first free African American community, Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago, The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages. The early development of agriculture triggered significant population growth, resulting in the expansion of early farming populations, along with the spread of language families in many parts of the world, including Africa.1 The many advantages of agricultural subsistence over foraging is a likely contributing factor to the rapid expansion of agriculturists and their languages during the holocene.2 A well-known example of this phenomenon in Africa is the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP), which is thought, on the basis of linguistic evidence, to have started around 5000 years ago3 in the region on the border between modern day eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.4 It is widely accepted that there was an early split into eastern and western routes in which farmers first expanded east and also, within 1500 years, reached West-Central Africa. In this study, we analyse, as did Alves et al,33 both UEP and short tandem repeat (STR) (in this study restricted to NRY) to show that geographic frequency distributions and the time to the most recent common ancestors (TMRCAs) of haplogroups, comprising haplogroup E1b1a in 43 sub-Saharan African groups (n=2757) with diverse linguistic affiliations (Supplementary Figure S1), reveal multiple waves of expansion from West Africa, with a late expansion along the eastern route but not the western. [26] West Africans (e.g., Mende of Sierra Leone), bearing the Senegal sickle cell haplotype,[29][26] may have migrated into Mauritania (77% modern rate of occurrence) and Senegal (100%); they may also have migrated across the Sahara, into North Africa, and from North Africa, into Southern Europe, Turkey, and a region near northern Iraq and southern Turkey. However, Razib Khan in this podcast says that E1b1a was pretty common among ancient Levantines. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. 2002 ). around the Czech Republic). So I was wondering if such a marker has anything to do with the Natufian Neolithic culture of the Levant as some of the skulls associated with this particular culture have been described as Sub-Saharan-like. R1b tribes invaded the Balkans, the southern half of Central Europe, and joined up with Corded Ware people in what is now Germany, the Czech Republic and western Poland. The study revealed that he belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9: 80. Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Daniel E. Platt, Hovig Artinian, Pierre Zalloua, Mugdha Singh, Anujit Sarkar & Madhusudan R. Nandineni, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Mark Stoneking, Kenneth K. Kidd, Baigalmaa Evsanaa, Andrew J. Pakstis, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics A combination of the two scenarios could provide an even better explanation. This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree,[76] the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree,[7] and subsequent published research. Some of the lineages found in these areas are possibly due to the Bantu expansion or other migrations. Although it is generally accepted that the EBSP has its origin in the so-called Bantu Homeland situated in the area of the border between Nigeria and the Grassfields of Cameroon, and that it followed both western and eastern routes, much less is known about the number and dates of those expansions, if more than one. Although the battery of the NRY markers typed in UEP kits gives a relatively crude resolution of NRY haplogroups, the typing of four UEP markers within E1b1a considerably increases the resolution of NRY types associated with EBSP.32. It is also suggested that although the Bantu-speaking agriculturists may have replaced, to a substantial extent, hunter gatherers in their path, they have also, in some places, co-existed and interbred with the original inhabitants.2. The TMRCA was estimated using an average NRY STR mutation rate of 0.00245 and generation time of 25 years. Roewer L, Kayser M, de Knijff P et al. (2018) tested the ancient DNA from 6th century Italy and Hungary and identified one E-V13 in Collegno (Turin) who was autosomally fully Italian (not a Lombard immigrant like many other samples tested). Abingdon: Garland Science, 2004. Approximately 20% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup E1b1b. [25] Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and L3e1e. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. 3500-1150 BCE) was a formative period in the Southern Levant, a region that includes present-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, and southwest Syria. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 532544. One of his patrilineal descendants was identified as a member of haplogroup E-V13 > Z17107. The geographic distribution of the six main branches show that E-V13 quickly spread to all parts of Europe, but was especially common in Central Europe. Pakendorf B, Bostoen K, de Filippo C : Molecular perspectives on the Bantu expansion: a synthesis. E1b1a, on the other hand, is said to have never left Africa but was reported in 6% of Natufian samples. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._________SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/groups/israelitejews/permalink/724232359236083/[1:04] Past threads in which this was discussed:- https://www.facebook.com/groups/g49resource/posts/5410422012382894/- https://www.facebook.com/groups/thebiblicalrumbleroom/posts/1308376896600227[1:10] Scaled Innovations SNP tracker:http://scaledinnovation.com/gg/snpTracker.html[3:46] https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/slideshow_samples.php?searchcolumn=Country\u0026searchfor=Israel\u0026ybp=500000,0\u0026orderby=Y_Haplotree_Variant\u0026ascdesc=ASC[3:52] https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/slideshow_samples.php?searchcolumn=Country\u0026searchfor=Lebanon\u0026ybp=500000,0\u0026orderby=Y_Haplotree_Variant\u0026ascdesc=ASC [28][27] The ancestral sickle cell haplotype to modern haplotypes (e.g., Cameroon/Central African Republic and Benin/Senegal haplotypes) may have first arose in the ancestors of modern West Africans, bearing haplogroups E1b1a1-L485 and E1b1a1-U175 or their ancestral haplogroup E1b1a1-M4732. The haplogroup E1b1a8, defined by U175, has a TMRCA of only 18632163 YBP but a geographic distribution, excepting the Anuak of Ethiopia, which is equally extensive as that of E1b1a7. The eastern advance of the Corded Ware culture eventually gave rise to the Sintashta culture in the Ural region, which is the ancestral culture of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-Europeans. Remains found in modern day Israel were analysed and confirmed to carry this haplogroup, dating as far back as the Natufian culture - a peoples living in the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean area of Western Asia . Late glacial migration of E-M78 to Mediterranean Europe It is still unclear when haplogroup E first entered Europe. But the history of the region is so complex that there might be many separate branches of E-V13 that each came with a different invasion (e.g. L2 has five main subhaplogroups: L2a, L2b, L2c, L2d and L2e. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. Therefore both hypotheses are plausible. It would be unthinkable that over 1,500 years of Hellenisation and Byzantine rule in Anatolia and the Levant didn't leave any genetic trace. Comparisons made without including data sets from South Africa and Mozambique, so as to exclude the possibility of admixture between western and eastern Bantu-speaking expansions in the southern extremity of the continent, remain significant for both presence/absence of E1b1a8a1a in data sets and for frequency of the haplogroup (P<0.01). [12] One Carioca from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil tested positive for the M58 SNP. Hum Mutat 2005; 26: 520528. . His DNA was compared to modern carriers of the same surname. The TMRCA for each haplogroup-defining UEP (with at least 20 chromosomes) is presented in Table 3 along with regions and countries within which each haplogroup was observed. As a Germanic tribe they might have carried a small percentage of E-V13. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. We thank all DNA donors and those assisting in sample collection and Professor Mark Thomas and Dr Krishna Veeramah for their support with typing and helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript. The advantage of this hypothesis is that M81 is indeed found exclusively within the borders of the Roman Empire, and in a big part of the empire. These branches split from one another around 47,500 years ago in the horn of Africa, followed by the emergence of prominent SNP mutation E-M2 which gained footing there. They note that in studies to date, Eastern African groups are greatly underrepresented but essential for investigating the direction of expansion. His real name is Nicolas Kim Coppola, and his paternal great-grand-father emigrated to the U.S. from the South Italian town of Bernalda in Basilicata. Table 1 reports the frequencies of all observed haplogroups, including the component haplogroups of E1b1a. As of November 2016, he was the 12th richest person in the world. (2018) tested the DNA of seven 15,000-year-old modern humans from Taforalt Cave in northeastern Morocco, and all of the six males belonged to haplogroup E-M78. [13][14], At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1. Nurse D : Bantu languages; in Brown K, (ed): Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. E-M2 is especially common among indigenous Africans who speak Niger-Congo languages, and was spread to Southern Africa and East Africa through the Bantu expansion. We conclude that analysis of NRY in 43 widely distributed population groups from across sub-Saharan Africa provides evidence of multiple expansions from West Africa along the western and eastern routes and a late specifically eastern expansion at some time during the past two millennia during a period in which male-mediated gene flow from East-Central to West-Central Africa does not appear to have taken place, at least to any significant extent. Cereal farming may therefore trace its roots (literally) to the E1b1b tribes of the Mesolithic Levant. So we know for sure that E1b1b was present in southern Europe at least since the Early Neolithic. CAS All samples (96-well plates) were then placed on a thermocycler under the following conditions: denaturation at 95C for 5min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (95C) for 45s, annealing (see Supplementary Table S2 for annealing temperatures) for 45s and elongation (72C) for 45s. The final step of the PCR programme was a 7-min extension at 72C before a 30min hold at 4C. 5% (2/37) of the town Singa-Rimab, Burkina Faso tested positive for E-M58. The testing of ancient DNA from the Natufian culture (Mesolithic Levant) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levant confirmed a high incidence of haplogroup E1b1b in that region. [25] Tima was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e1e. the migration of a small group of settlers carrying among whom one paternal lineage was much more common than any others. Science 2009; 324: 10351044. Interestingly, de Filippo et al31 recently reported differences in the frequencies of haplogroups E1b1a and E1b1a7 between Bantu and Non-Bantu Niger-Congo speakers. Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. The most prominent member is probably John C. Calhoun (17821850), who was the seventh Vice President of the United States. [69], The supposed "Bantu haplotype" found in E-U175 carriers is "present at appreciable frequencies in other NigerCongo languages speaking peoples as far west as Guinea-Bissau". [25] Daba was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4273 and L2c. Gjergj Kastrioti Sknderbe, also known as Skanderbeg (1405-1468), was an Albanian feudal lord and military commander who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in what is today Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia. Of course, the TMRCA is only an estimate and could vary by a few centuries.
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